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Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Organic Chemistry
Fractional distillation of petroleum
Petroleum enters at the bottom. It boils and the vapor goes up the tower.
You need to memorize this!
Naphtha to make chemicals
Kerosene used as fuel in jet engine
Gasoline used as fuel
Diesel oil as fuel
Refinery gas for heating and cooking
Fuel oil
Lubricating oil as waxer and polish
Bitumen for surfacing roads
The Four Homologous Series
Homologous Series
General Formulae
Saturation
Reactivity
Alkane
CnH2n+2
Saturated-only single bonds
Unreactive
Alkene
CnH2n
Unsaturated
Reactive
Alcohol
CnH2n+1COOH
Saturated
Carboxylic Acids
CnH2n+1COOH
Unsaturated(Compounds with molecules in which one or one more carbon bonds are not single bonds), with
one
C=C double bond
Alkene Reactions
Alkenes Burn in Air
Combustion
Alkene+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+heat
Requires Flame
Alkenes Obtained through Cracking
Cracking->Heating Alkene with catalytic zeolite
breaks large molecular into smaller ones
Produces molecules with double bonds
Requires alkenes and hydrogen gas
Alkenes React with Aqueous Bromine
Addition
Alkene+Bromine->Bromoalkane
Color Change: Orange(Bromine Water) --> Colorless (Bromoalkane)
Alkenes react with hydrogen & Steam
Catalytic Addition
With Hydrogen
Alkene+hydrogen->alkane
Requires Heat, Pressure, Catalyst Nickel
With Steam
alkene+steam->alchohol
Requires heat, pressure, catalyst acid
Alkenes add on to one another
Additive Polymerisation
Requires catalyst
Alkenes->Polymer
Alcohol Reactions
Ethanol Manufacture by fermentation of aqueous glucose
Requirements
Yeast (For fermentation)
No Oxygen (for anaerobic respiration)
25~35 Degrees Celsius (optimal temperature for enzymes to work)
Glucose->Ethanol+Carbon Dioxide
Exothermic
Fractional Distillation to separate the Ethanol
fast and continuous but high energy consumptionðene hard to obtain
Ethanol manufacture by catalytic addition of steam to ethene
Requirements
300 Degrees Celsius
Catalyst
60 atm/6000 Kpa
Hydration
Exothermic
Ethene+Water->Ethanol
Low energy consumption&use available materials but slow and not continuous
Alcohols burn in air
Combustion
Ethanol+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+Heat
Requires flame for ignition
oxidize ethanol to produce ethanoic acid
Fermentation (Biological)
Oxidizing Agent (Chemical)
Esterification
Alcohol+carboxylic acid->ester
Ester= -yl + -oate
Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols
Fossil Fuels
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Sea organisms
Coal
Mix of organic compounds
buried vegetation
Natural Gas
methane
same as petroleum
Alkane Reactions
Alkanes Burn in Air
Combustion
Alkane+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+Heat
Requires flame to ignite fuel
Combustion
Alkane+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+Heat
Requires Flame to ignite fuel
Alkanes React with Chlorine
Substitution
UV Light Required (Photochemical)
Substitution
Alkane+chlorine gas->Hydrochloric Acid+Chloroalkanes
Photochemical (Needs UV light)