Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Five Management Approaches - Coggle Diagram
Five Management Approaches
Classical Approach
Year: 1890s–1940s
Contributors: Taylor, Fayol, Weber, Gilbreth, Gantt
Features: efficiency, standardization, hierarchy
Tools: time/motion study, SOPs, Gantt chart
Limits: rigid, low human focus
Example: factory production control
Behavioral Approach
Year: 1930s–1960s
Contributors: Mayo, Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg
Features: motivation, teamwork, leadership
Tools: Hawthorne, Theory X/Y
Limits: hard to measure
Example: improve culture & engagement
Management Science Approach
Year: 1940s–present
Contributors: OR teams
Features: data + optimization
Tools: LP, forecasting, EOQ, simulation, PERT/CPM
Limits: depends on data quality
Example: inventory & scheduling optimization
Contingency Approach
Year: 1960s–present
Contributors: Woodward, Burns & Stalker, Lawrence & Lorsch
Features: no best way; depends on context
Tools: situational leadership, mechanistic vs organic
Limits: complex & inconsistent
Example: startup vs factory structure choice
System Approach
Year: 1950s–present
Contributors: Bertalanffy, Barnard, Wiener
Features: interconnected parts; open system
Tools: input-process-output, feedback loops
Limits: broad, time-consuming
Example: ERP connects departments + feedback improves