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BELIEFS: social groups and religion - Coggle Diagram
BELIEFS: social groups and religion
age
stats
2021 christians identified oldest average age 51
22 million 'no religion' were younger than overall population
under 15s most likely to attend church
over 55s make 30% church goers
younger adults less likely to engage in a variety of religious practices
age gap in religion depend on social and economic context
adults aged 18-39 less likely to state religion as very important
most religious areas in the world have fastest population because have high fertility rates and young population
VOAS AND CROCKETT'S 3 EXPLANATIONS FOR AGE DIFF
1)
the ageing effect
people turn to religion as they get older and more concerned with the afterlife
2)
the generation effect/secularisation
as society becomes more secular, each generation is less religious than before
2 religious parents- 50% chance religious
1 religious parent- 25% chance
no- little chance
3)
the period or cohort effect
people born during a particular period may be more/less likely to be religious due to particular events such as war
social class
marxist views on religion
religion is a conservative force that maintains social stability by creating false consciousness
we are more likely to seek comfort in religion to cope with difficult economic conditions and alienation
bourgeioisie control and use religion to justify wealth and power as god-given
LEGITIMIZES RC POSITION, KEEPS WC OPPRESSED
religious participation
mc people more likely to feel attached to traditional churches whereas wc drawn to new religious movements as they lack hierarchy in their structures
PM world, relationship between class and religiosity has fragmented, less evidence that class is important in religiosity
WEBER'S THEODICY OF DISPRIVILEGE
FILL IN NOTES FROM FOLDER
social class and types of religious organisation
methodism more WC than angelicanism due to history of a sect
new age movements and cults have appealed to the mc:
sense of spiritual deprivation
BRUCE
spritiual needs seem more important to those who have few material needs
other pointed that mc individuals can still feel relatively deprived and seek answers for why they are not successful as some of their peers
CLEMENCE
- found that those of high economic status less likely to be religious than members of wc
stats
2015 Yougov suggested 62% church goers are MC, reason may be status/time
ethnicity
reasons for ethnic differences in religion
cultural transition
, minority ethnic groups use religion to assist the progress of immigration
BRIERLY
increase in new churches in London catering for specific languages and nationalities as a result of immigration
HERBERG
high levels of religious participation in first generation immigrants in the UK
PRYCE
studied african-carribean pop. in Bristol, found pentecostalism is a religion of the oppressed, provides migrants with values appropriate for the world they are in
cultural defence
, immigrant communities use religion to defend themselves from hostility from the majority of the population
BIRD
religion can be basis for community for minorities as a way of maintaining culture and language and coping with oppression in society
rastafarianism is a different response for some african-carribeans, rejects wider society as racist and exploitative
statistics
almost all minority ethnic groups in the UK are more religious than the white majority (BRITISH) from a social survey in the 90s
pakistani and bangladeshi muslims in the UK see being muslim as the primary identity, showing they prioritise religion over nationality
younger muslims in the UK had greater knowledge of their religion than their parents
JOHN BIRD- explanations for high levels of religiousity
religious identity is increasingly important in multi-cultural and multi-faith societies
1)
more religious countries of origin (immigrants)
2)
religious groups provide sense of community and identity
3)
religion maintains cultural identity and tradition
4)
religious socialisation, meaning children grow up with the pressure to maintain religious traditions from their parents
5)
way of dealing with oppression
gender
stats
belief in god- 84% women, 75% men
belief in sin- 72% women, 66% men
life after death- 57% women, 29% men
explanations
MILLER AND HOFFMAN
risk- women are more risk adverse so are more likely to believe in God and afterlife
socialisation- women socialised to be passive and obedient, qualities most valued by religion so women more likely to be attracted to religion
gender roles- more likely than men to work part time, more time to participate in religious activity, most likely to be attracted to the church as a source of gender identity
BRUCE
religion has been driven into the private sphere of the family and personal life, sphere that women are most concerned with
strong link to values such as caring for others and men's decline from religion in the last two centuries has meant that church gradually become more feminised
women and the new age
women attracted to new age movements as more associated with nature and healing role
HEELAS AND WOODHEAD
80% of participants in the holistic milieu in kendal were female
GLOCK AND STARK 1969
- increase of women and NRM due to three types deprivation
social and economic deprivation
ethical deprivation- moral decline, women want tradition
organismic deprivation- more concerned about health than men
pentecostalism in colombia
traditional gender roles at home and in the church
popular with women in Latin America
men in Colombia spend 20-40% of household income on alcohol and also more money on gambling and prostitutes
women want men homeeee