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Bio explanations - Coggle Diagram
Bio explanations
Personality
Criticisms
- crime dependent, people who are stealing food to survive are unlikely to have a PEN personality
- does not consider potential for biology to be cause
- Research is usually self report so could include social desirability or demand characteristics
- deterministic - not all those with PEN personalities will commit a crime
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Bartol and Holanchock - hispanic in high security prison showed lower extroversion levels than non criminal control group
Evidence
Rushton and Chrisjohn found link between extroversion, psychoticism and delinquency
Bodusvek - sample of redistivistic inmates found more extroversion and higher likelihood to recommit or be violent
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Arousal theory
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Extroverts less cortically arroused so need more stimulation than introverts to stimulate ARAS which is possibly underactive
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Eysneck
Basic theory - personality can be explained through extroversion or introversion, neuroticism or stability and psychoticism
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Brain
Evidence
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Williams
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60% of over 190 prisoners had history of brain accident from sports, falling etc
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Limitations
Comorbid conditions
Many criminals found to have history of drug or alcohol abuse, personality disorders etc so may not be the only cause
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Injuries can lead to criminal behaviour because affects ability to learn appropriate social behaviour - damage to prefrontal cortex affects thinking of consequences - explains reoffending rates
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Personality disorders
Narcissism
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Needs to be admired, thinks they are most important, will exploit people for what they want
Psychopathy
Stone - found men who commit serial sxual murders more likely to exhibit strong traits of psychopathy
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Paranoid
Distrust, hold grudges, takes criticism personally
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XYY
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Limitations
Men with XYY tend to have lower intelligence so may commit crimes as a result of learning difficulties
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To determine it requires skilled staff and intensive research so not pracitcally viable to seek presence
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Amygdala
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Criticisms
Deterministic, is possible to have smaller amygdala and not act psychopathic
Evidence
Pardini
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Robert - smaller amygdalas and psychopathy does not necesseraly mean violence - lack of empathy could mean better for corporate postions - or lack of fear and risk taking could be better for extreme sports
Williams
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Can cause problems in development leading to problems in fear conditioning so people do not learn what is wrong especially children
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Hormones
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Evidence
Ellis
Out of 11 studies studying blood and saliva all showed positive but modest correlation between testosterone and aggression
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Sham Rage
Called so because is rage that occured without input of frontal cortex instead just amygdala - which when removed from animals they became placid
Cannon + Britton
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Severed neural connections in cats and provoked them to show more aggressive response without input of cortex
Lacks generalisability
Animals do not have same capability to inhibit aggression through higher order thinking like humans do