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HISTORY - Coggle Diagram
HISTORY
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THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance (meaning "rebirth") is a massive topic for your Junior Cycle. It marks the transition from the "dark" Middle Ages to the Modern World, beginning in Italy around 1400
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Major Changes in Art
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Anatomy: Artists like Leonardo da Vinci dissected bodies to understand muscles and bone Studyclix Revision.
Fresco: Painting on wet plaster (e.g., Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel).
The Printing Press
In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented the Movable Type Printing Press
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Consequence: Literacy rates soared, and ideas (like the Reformation) spread so fast that Kings and Popes couldn't stop them
Key People to Know
Leonardo da Vinci: The "Renaissance Man" (painter, scientist, inventor). Works: The Last Supper, Mona Lisa.
Michelangelo: Sculptor and painter. Works: David, The Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Galileo Galilei: Proved the Earth revolves around the sun (Heliocentrism), getting him in big trouble with the Church ESA Kids
Medicine & Science
Andreas Vesalius: Wrote The Fabric of the Human Body, the first accurate book on anatomy.
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Age of Exploration
Why did they go?
The Spice Trade: Spices (pepper, cinnamon, cloves) were worth their weight in gold. The old "Silk Road" land routes were blocked by the Ottoman Empire National Geographic, so Europeans needed a sea route to Asia.
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New Technology
The Caravel: A faster, tougher ship with lateen sails (triangular) for sailing into the wind and clinker-built hulls for strength.
Navigation Tools: The Astrolabe (latitude), the Quadrant, and the Mariner’s Compass Royal Museums Greenwich.
The Big Names
Christopher Columbus: Sponsored by Spain. He tried to reach Asia by sailing West but landed in the Bahamas (1492). He called the people "Indians" because he thought he was in the Indies.
Ferdinand Magellan: His crew was the first to circumnavigate (sail all the way around) the world (1519–1522). He died in the Philippines, but one ship made it back
Vasco da Gama: The first European to reach India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope).
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Consequences
The Columbian Exchange: The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe (e.g., potatoes and chocolate came to Europe; horses and wheat went to the Americas).
Colonisation: European powers (Spain, Portugal, Britain, France) built vast empires.
Slavery: The horrific Atlantic Slave Trade began to provide labour for sugar and tobacco plantations.
THE 1798 REBELLION
The 1798 Rebellion is a crucial chapter in Irish history for the Junior Cycle, marking the rise of Irish Republicanism. It was inspired by the American and French Revolutions
The United Irishmen
Founded in Belfast (1791) by Theobald Wolfe Tone, a Protestant lawyer
Aims: To break the link with England, end religious discrimination (specifically the Penal Laws), and unite "Protestant, Catholic, and Dissenter.
Influence: They were influenced by the French Revolution's ideas of "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity."
Causes of the Rebellion
Political Inequality: Only wealthy Anglicans (the Protestant Ascendancy) held power. Catholics and Presbyterians were excluded from Parliament.
Rural Poverty: High rents and tithes (taxes paid to the Anglican Church) caused great resentment among peasants.
Government Repression: The British used flogging, pitch-capping (pouring hot tar on heads), and half-hanging to crush the United Irishmen before they could even start National Archives of Ireland.
Main Events
Bantry Bay (1796): An early attempt by Wolfe Tone and French forces to land in Cork failed due to severe storms.
The Wexford Uprising: The most intense fighting occurred here. Led by Fr. John Murphy, rebels won at Oulart Hill and captured Enniscorthy, but were ultimately defeated at the Battle of Vinegar Hill in June 1798.
Ulster Rising: Led by Henry Joy McCracken (Antrim) and Henry Munro (Down), these uprisings were quickly suppressed by British forces
French Arrival (Connacht): In August, French General Humbert landed in Mayo. He won the "Races of Castlebar" but was defeated shortly after at Ballinamuck.
Death of Wolfe Tone: Captured at sea in October 1798, Tone was sentenced to hang but took his own life in prison.
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