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Elizabeth & Catholics, event: not just elite, 6,000 rebels, only 20%…

- - - - Widespread support
      - Real chance of success
- - - - Began with Douai College (1568) – William Allen
      - Seminary (training for priests) moved to Rheims (1574)
      - Secular priests: c.100 by 1580 + 438 by 1603 (98 died)
      - Jesuits: English college Rome 1579, about 10 in total
    - - Edmund Campion: Charismatic + martyred in 1581
      - Robert Parsons: more dangerous + organised safehouse network + supported Armada
    - - Strengthen Catholism + missionaries trained priests from abroad
      - Turn Church Papists into recusants (won't comply with authority)
      - Avoid overt politics (officially)
      - Jesuits: Emotional devotion methods + spirtual exercises
      - Provide confession + mass and spiritual guidance to revive religious commitment.
  - - - Elizabeth: Targetted priests not laity + showed moderate and continuity
      - Most Catholics remained loyal
      - Haigh: missionary threat exaggerated: Too few priests + weak organisation + poor leadership
      - Aims primarily sacramental, not political
      - More likely to become martyrs than organisers of rebellion
- - - - Gentry: traditional faith + loyal to crown + protected households
      - Radical younger sons: Babington, Stanley, Yorke
      - Intellectuals: Parsons, Garnet, Campion
      - Popular Catholicism: Limited, stronger in remote regions (Lancashire, York)
- - - - Domestic & international position relatively secure
      - Elizabeth adopted cautious tolerance
      - Act of Uniformity: 1 shilling per week for non attenadance + encouraged outward conformity
    - - Churchwardens reluctant to collect fines
      - Gentry: Used private chapels + claimed estates= parish
      - Poor: Often conformed as couldn't afford fines
    - - Many Catholics drifted into CofE
      - Others remained loyal & grateful
      - No martyrs created → avoided backlash
      - Early leniency = tactical, not softness
  - - - Excommunicated & deposed Elizabeth- called Catholics to rebel
      - El summoned pl in 1571- treason to publish papal bulls
      - Loades: Reduced danger by forcing Catholics to choose sides
      - Effect: Hardore catholics isoalted + majority remained loyal
      - Plots triggered by Bull but ineffective due to issuing after destroy of the rising of the earls
      - Designed to reassure Northern rebels weren't commiting sin
    - - Parliament 1571: Treason to Deny Elizabeth title + published papal bulls + overseas fugitive lose property
      - Elizabeth vetoed compulsory communion: Shows awareness of religious sensitivity
      - Catholics faced dilemma: Loyalty to Pope vs loyalty to Crown
      - Most chose loyalty to Elizabeth
      - 1581: Recusancy fines increased to £20 a month
  - - - Royal army advanced → rebels fled
      - Northumberland executed
      - 600 rebels executed + property confiscated
      - Failure shows: Religious conservatism & rebellion
      - MacCaffrey: “non-event”
      - Haigh: significant popular danger underestimated
      - Land woth 5,200 gained- increased royal control in North
      - Wealthy often spared, military rule imposed torture, intimidation
    - - Not just elite: 6,000 rebels, only 20% tenants of earls, majority yeomen
      - Religious element:
        
        Symbols: Cruxifixes + Banner of 5 wounds of christ
        
        Actions: Restored mass + destroyed Protestant items
      - Justfied rebellion against 'evil councillors, loyal protest
      - Key events:
        
        Took Durham (restored Catholic worship)
        
        Captured Hartlepool + Barnard Castle
        
        Expected foreign aid (never arrived)
        
        Government army (~14,000) mobilised
        
        Rebels fled north → Scotland
      - Aims:
        
        Restore Catholicism
        
        Recognise MQS as heir
        
        Remove Cecil + reassert Northern noble power
      - Norfolk withdrew (weak & unreliable)
    - - Gov response potrayed rebellion as fake religious cover 'cloak'- controlled narrative via printed works + sermons
      - Public shaming of rebels + surveillance
      - Papal Bull (1570): Issued after rebellion + used in propaganda as justification
      - Catholic perspective: Some saw rebellion as legitimate defence of faith + inspired later missionary efforts