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Research Paper: The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain…

- - - - Targeted sequencing is also referred to as marker gene sequencing including 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 18S rRNA sequencing.
    - - Shotgun sequencing was then developed for the comprehensive profiling of the DNA from microbiota. In 1998, Handelsman et al. first coined the term “metagenome” when cloning DNA fragments from soil-derived biosamples into bacterial artificial chromosomal vectors.
- - - - Innate immunity
        
        In terms of innate immunity, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were first suggested to describe the pathogenic targets recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) from the host innate immune system
        
        PAMPs represent “molecular signatures” of a pathogen class, such as the highly conserved microbial structures consisting of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), CpG, or dsRNAs.
      - Adaptive immunity
        
        Adaptive immunity routinely plays a crucial role in both anti-infection functions and the maintenance of microbiota-host homeostasis to prevent overreaction to harmless antigens
        
        This balance is mainly accomplished by mutual regulation between regulatory T cells and TH17 intestinal lamina propria
- - - - Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and atherosclerosis benefit from these “Mediterranean-like” diets
- - - - There are a variety of disorders related to microbial-induced BBB dysfunction
        
        Neuropsychiatric dysfunction
        
        Mood, memory, and cognition were originally thought to be exclusively regulated by the CNS due to a variety of extrinsic factors such as hormonal fluctuations [115]. It is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the immune system and the resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate not only our feelings and how we form, process, and store memories but also cognitive function-related microstructure and morphology.
        
        Alteration of the gut microbiota regulates not only the synthesis of metabolites but also different neuroactive molecules and central neurotransmitters, such as melatonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, histamine, and acetylcholine
        
        Stress and depression
        
        The gut microbiota has been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety-like behavior
        
        Abnormal HPA hyperactivity in response to stress is associated with depressive episodes
        
        Autism spectrum disorder
        
        ASDs are characterized by abnormal communication and social behaviors, which begin in early childhood neurodevelopment.
        
        Gut problems or a history of gastrointestinal perturbations such as infection and anti- or pro-biotic intake in early childhood contributes to the disease development
        
        Gastrointestinal discomfort in ASD patients is usually thought to have a neurologic rather than a gastroenteric cause
        
        Pain and migraine
        
        Pain is common in the general population, and the microbiota has shown to impact several types of pain, including spinal visceral pain in IBS [138, 156] and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) [157] as well as migraine [158] and sometimes headache
        
        Neurodegenerative diseases
        
        Neurodegenerative diseases are a collection of neurological diseases that are characterized by progressive loss of neurons, including:
        
        Alzheimer’s disease
        
        Parkinson’s disease
        
        Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (
        
        Multiple sclerosis