Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cardiovascular Unit Giselle Gonzalez P.3 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular Unit Giselle Gonzalez P.3
Major Components/Functions of Blood
Plasma:
about 55% of blood
Transports nutrients, hormones, gases and waste products.
Helps regulate body temp and pH/fluid balance
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
contain hemoglobin
Carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and transports carbon dioxide back to lungs
Contains iron
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
part of immune system - defends body against infections, foreign substances and disease.
Platelets:
cell fragments involved with clotting - help stop bleedimg by forming blood clots and siding in vrddrl trpsot.
Cardiovascular Diseases
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack):
blood flow to the heart is blocked
Caused by blood clots, plaque in coronary artery, High BP
Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, heart palpitations
Treatments: nitroglycerin, open heart surgery, angioplasty
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD):
arteries are too narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Caused by smoking, obesity, diabities
Symptoms: limb pain, weak pulse, extreme numbness
Treatments: medications, bypass surgery, life style change
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke):
Blood flow to parts if brain is interrupted.
Caused by blood clot in artery to the brain, high BP, aneungem
Symptoms: severe headache, memory loss, confusion
Treatments: blood thinners, surgery, thrombolytics
Endocarditis/Myocarditis:
inflamation of heart
Caused by viruses, bacterial infection, allergic reaction to meds, heart valve damage
Symptoms: heart palpitations, chest pain, fever
Treatments: antibiotics, medication, pacemaker
Congenital Heart Disease:
issue w heart structure/functions from birth
Caused by tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid, aortic stenosis
Symptoms: cyanoses common, may cause death, asymptometic
Treatments: medication, surgery, may heal
Blood Flow
Deoxygenated blood enters through superior/inferior vena cava into the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle out through the pulmonary semi lunar valve to the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary artery then to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated and goes back through the pulmonary vien into the left atrium to through the bicuspid/mitral valve to the left ventricle to the aortic semi lunar valve to the aorta and then finally body releases
Blood Types
AB (Universal Recipient): Can receive A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-.
A: Can receive A, O
B: Can receive B, O
O: (Universal Donor): Can receive only O
Rh Factor:
If you are Rh-positive, you can receive both + and - blood. If you are Rh-negative, you must receive only - blood.
Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers:
right atrium- recieves deO2 from body
right ventricle- pumps blood to the lungs
Left Atrium- recieves O2 blood from lungs
Left Ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood to entire body
Valves:
Tricuspid Valve, Mitral Valve, Pulmonary SL valve, Aortic SL valve
Septum:
A muscular wall separating the left and right sides, preventing blood mixing.
Layers:
The heart is surrounded by a protective sac called the pericardium.
Blood Vessels
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vien, aorta, coronary arteries
Layers of the Heart
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium):
The outermost protective layer that produces fluid to reduce friction. It is composed of connective tissue, fat, and mesothelial cells.
Myocardium:
The thickest, muscular middle layer responsible for contracting and pumping blood. It consists of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).
Endocardium:
The innermost layer, consisting of a smooth layer of endothelial cells and connective tissue that lines the heart chambers and valves. It prevents blood clots and reduces friction.
Pericardium
: A double-layered, fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart, with the epicardium acting as the inner visceral layer.
Subendocardial Layer:
Located between the endocardium and myocardium, it houses the heart's conduction system, including Purkinje fibers.
Differences between Blood Vessels
Arteries
carries blood away from heart,
high BP,
thick muscular elastic walls,
narrow lumen, no valves
usually carries oxygenated blo
od (except for pulmonary arteries)
elasticity maintains BP
Veins
carry blood toward the heart, low BP,
thinner walls w less muscle and elasticity, wide lumen, valves present to prevent backflow,
usually carry deoxygenated blood
Capillaries
connects arterioles to venules,
one cell thick,
diffusion between blood and tissues
major functions of cardiovascular system
Transport: CO2 and O2, hormones, nutrients
Regulate: pH balance, body temp
Protect: body, remove metabolic waste, prevent blood loss
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
The cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat → it includes atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole.
Atrial systole occurs when the atria contract → blood moves from the atria to the ventricles → AV valves are open → semilunar valves are closed.
Ventricular systole occurs when the ventricles contract → AV valves close (lub sound) → semilunar valves open → blood is pumped into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Diastole occurs when the heart relaxes → chambers fill with blood → AV valves open → semilunar valves are closed.
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart → each wave corresponds to a phase of the cardiac cycle.
The P wave represents atrial depolarization → leads to atrial contraction → atrial systole.
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization → leads to ventricular contraction → ventricular systole.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization → ventricles relax → ventricular diastole.
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood pressure (BP) measures the force of blood against artery walls → written as systolic / diastolic.
Systolic pressure occurs when the ventricles contract → blood is pumped into arteries → pressure is at its highest.
Diastolic pressure occurs when the ventricles relax → the heart fills with blood → pressure is at its lowest.
Normal adult BP is about 120/80 mmHg → varies with activity, stress, and health.