Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Rita Garcia - Gonzalez Cardiovascular System Period:3, Anatomy of the…

- - - - Cerebrovascular Accident ( Stroke ): Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted.
        
        Symtoms: Memory loss, confusion, muscle weakness
        
        Treatment: Blood thinners, physical therapy, surgical intervention
        
        Causes: Clogged Arteries, Diabetes, Arteriosclerosis malformation
      - Endocarditis & Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart
        
        Symptom: Chest pain, fatigue, edema
        
        Treatment: Antibiotics and pacemaker implantation
        
        Cause: Heart valve damage and Virus, bacterial, or fungal infection
      - Peripheral Artery Diseases: Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
        
        Symptoms: Weak pulse, leg and arm pain, skin color change in extremities
        
        Treatment: Medication, Bypass surgery, thrombolytic therapy.
        
        Causes: Blood vessels inflammation, diabetes, radiation exposure
      - Congenital Heart Disease: Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
        
        Symptoms: May cause death, may be asymptomatic, hypnosis common
        
        treatment: Medication, surgical intervention, some abnormalities may heal on their own
        
        Cause: Pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, ebstein's anamaly
      - Myocardial Infarction ( Heart Attack ): Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked.
        
        Symptoms: chest pains, Dizziness, heart palpitations
        
        Treatment: Open heart surgery, life style change, thrombolyties
        
        Causes: Blood clot, high blood pressure, obesity
- - - - Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
        
        Walls of your arteries. ( the pressure in the arteries as the heart pumps)
        
        . A pulse is the number of heartbeats per minute. Your heart's electrical signals, nervous
        
        Blood pressure is the force of your blood against the walls of your blood against the
        
        System, hormonal changes, physical activity levels etc.
    - - The aorta (the main artery in your body) carries the blood from the left side of your heart to the rest of your body through many branches of arteries.
      - Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products to pass through, to and from the tissue cells.
      - Pulmonary veins move the oxygen-rich blood to the left side of your heart.
      - Veins then carry the blood back to your heart, and the process begins again.
      - Pulmonary arteries carry the blood to your lungs, where it receives oxygen.
      - Veins bring blood to the right side of your heart.
      - Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.
      - Veins carry blood back toward your heart.
      - Arteries carry blood away from your heart.
    - - Unite in postcapillary venules
        
        Larger venules- have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells - venous valves
        
        . Capillary bed- interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules.
        
        Prevent backflow of blood - venous sinuses- flattened veins with extremely thin Walls
        
        .Veins - carry blood toward the heart; the formation begins when capillary beds
        
        Give rise to muscular arteries
        
        Arterioles are the smallest of all the arteries - they change diameters change
        
        Resistance to blood flow And interstitial fluid
        
        .Arteries are divided into three groups, based on size and function- elastic arteries
        
        . All vessels consist of a lumen, central blood- containing space, surrounded by a wall. Tunica externa( outermost layer)
        
        capillaries - exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc…, between blood
        
        Circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
        
        .Capillaries- direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
        
        . Arteries - carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary
        
        . Veins- carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and Umbilical vessels of fetus
        
        Blood vessels- delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart
- - - - Blood flow through the heart and body
        
        Then to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated blood
        
        Pulmonary veins ---> Left atrium ---> through mitral/ bicuspid valve ---> left ventricle
        
        Pulmonary semilunar valve ---> pulmonary trunk ---> pulmonary artery
        
        Aortic semi- lunar valve ---> aorta ---> body
        
        Empties into the right atrium ---> through tricuspid valve ----> into right ventricle- through the
        
        The cycle repeats again.
        
        Deoxygenated blood from the body travels into superior and inferior vena cava and
        
        Cardiac cycle and the ECG: Heart depolarizes and contacts without nervous system stimulation, although....
        
        Electrocardiography - can direct electrical currents generated by the heart
        
        Depolarization and atrial repolarization - T wave- ventricular repolarization- PRinter
        
        Val - beginning of a trial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation - S-T segment-
        
        Main features- p wave depolarization of SA node and Atria- QRS complex- ventricular
        
        Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized- Q-T interval-
        
        . electrocardiogram- is a graphic recording of electrical activity
        
        Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
        
        .Atrioventricular node - inferior interatrial septum
        
        . Sinoatrial node- the pacemaker of the heart in right atrial wall
        
        Diastole- period of heart relaxation systole- period of heart contraction - cardiac cycle-
        
        Depolarization and contraction of heart
        
        Of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole. Second sound is closing of SV
        
        Of noncontractile ( autorhythmic) cells- initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate
        
        Blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
        
        Rhythm can be altered by autonomic nervous system
        
        Heart sounds: two sounds associated with closing of heart valves . first sound is closing
        
        Valves at the beginning of the ventricular diastole.
    - - Pericardial Cavity
        
        Heart wall
        
        Myocardium: Circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscles cells
        
        Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
        
        Epicardium: Visceral layer of serous pericardium
        
        2.Parietal layer of serous pericardium
        
        Lines of the Heart chamber
        
        Fibrous pericardium
    - - Delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body.
      - Body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat , it also maintains normal ph using buffers; alkaline verserve of bicarbonate ions
      - Maintains an adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
      - Blood is the life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system
      - Prevents blood loss and infections
- - - - Regulation
        
        Maintains normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
        
        Maintains adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
        
        Maintains body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
      - Protection
        
        Prevents blood loss
        
        Prevents infection
        
        Agents of immunity are carried in blood
      - Transport
        
        Delivers 02 and nutrients to body cells
        
        Transport hormones form endocrine organs to organs
        
        Transport metabolic to lungs and kidneys for elimination
    - - ABO blood groups
        
        Based on presence or absence of two agglutinates (A and B) on surface of RBC's
        
        ▪ Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins
      - Rh Blood types
        
        Type B: Red blood cells have the B antigen.
        
        Type AB: Red blood cells have both A and B antigens.
        
        Type A: Red blood cells have the A antigen.
        
        Type O: Red blood cells have neither A nor B antigens.
    - - Formed elements: Living blood cells
        
        Erythrocytes: Red blood cells ( RBC )
        
        Leukocytes: White blood cells ( WBC )
        
        Platelets: chunky White blood cells
      - Tube
        
        1st Layer ( Top ): Plasma. 55% whole blood and LEAST dense Componet.
        
        Middle Layer: Buffy Coat ---> Thin, Whitish layer. 1%
        
        Contains White blood cells and Platelets
        
        Bottom Layer: Erythrocytes. 45% whole blood ( hematocrit ). MOST dense componet
      - Plasma: The matrix is a nonliving fluid