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Cell Structure and DIversity - Coggle Diagram
Cell Structure and DIversity
Plant cell ultrastructure
:deciduous_tree:
Cell wall
Provides strength, structure, prevents bursting
Fully permeable
Cellulose (polysaccharide)
Middle lamella- space between two cell walls
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll
double membrane + loop of DNA
liquid called stroma, stacks of thylakoids (granum)
Not all contain chloroplasts e.g epidermis, moreso leaf + stems
Vacuoles
Large, permanent
Filled with cell sap containing water, dissolved sugars and waste materials
turgor - pressure exerted on wall by vacuole
Animal cell ultrastructure
:dog2:
Golgi Apparatus
Pacakges + moves substances manufactured in ER
Membrane bounds sacs (cisternae) not interconnected
both animal + plant cells (produce carbs for cell wall)
Membrane
-
selectively permeable
-controls what enters/leaves cell
Phospholipid bilayer/lipid bilayer
Antigen markers on surface allow immune system to identify cell
Small molecules in - water/oxygen, not larger
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein + lipid synthesis and transport
interconnected tubes
- cisternae
production site
for important cellular fats - phospholipids, cholesterol + steroids, hormones
Rough - ribosomes, synthesises protein also
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
No membrane
Mitochondria
responsible for
respiration
energy stored in
ATP
molecules
Outer membrane + folded inner (
cristae
)
Nucleus
Stores genetic material, control centre
Wrapped in phospholipid membrane with openings - nuclear pores (allows materials e.g RNA to pass in/out)
Nucleolus
found within nucleus, produces a type of RNA
DNA found in chromosones - wrapped around protein histrones
When cell is not dividing, unwrapped DNA - chromatin
Electron Microscopes
:microscope:
Transmission Electron microscope
Internal structure of specimen
Scanning Electron Microscope
Surface of specimen
Electron micrograph - photo/digital image taken from electron microscope
Magnify x 1 million
Stem Cells
:female-scientist::skin-tone-2:
Unspecfied
Potential to transform into any cell
Cure disease
Plants in meristem of roots, stems, leaves
Types of Stem Cell
Multipotent - limited number e.g haemotopoietic only blood
Cloning - artificial
Somatic cell nuclear transfer - somatic transferred to egg with nucleas removed, senetic clone of donor
Pluripotent - any cell type e.g embryonic
Indcued pluripotent - begin somatic, converted to plluripotent by scientists
Organisation
:speaking_head_in_silhouette:
Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism
Cell diversity - multicellular organisms, specific functions