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Mind Map 2 - Agroforestry and organic agriculture, Diversity of products…

- - - - Creates problems when gas prices go up
        
        Food becomes more expensive and less accessible
        
        Karakotsios, A., Katrakilidis, C., & Kroupis, N. (2021). The dynamic linkages between food prices and oil prices. Does asymmetry matter? The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2021.e00203
    - - Reduction in soil organic matter
      - reduction of soill permeability and water retention capacity
  - - - less resilient plants
      - Less nutritious foods
        
        Will worsen with global warming
        
        projection that up to 30 % of population will be protein deficient
        
        Book : Uncertain Harvest: The Futur of Food on a Warming Planet
- - - - Maximize complementary and synergisms
        
        Trees or shrubs exploits resources that crops/animals don't use and vice versa
    - - More social sustanability
        
        Creates more jobs than organic farming
        
        Greater labor diversification
        
        better working conditions because no exposure to pesticides and other synthetic chemicals
    - - ecological corridors
    - - Improve overall system profitability
    - - "In the scenario outlined by Arenas-Corraliza et al. (2018), with spring drought and high temperature, organic alley cropping could produce as much as conventional alley cropping, and more than both organic and conventional crop monocultures, limited by temperature and water stress in the absence of some shade."(Rosati, A., Borek, R. & Canali, S.,2021)
    - - Improvements in livestock productivity and welfare, nutrient cycling, quality of meat
        
        Important in organic agriculture where low productivity
      - In return, animals can favor trees cultivations by fertilization and weeding
        
        Reduce environmental impact of crops and livestock
        
        Example with chickens in orchards: chickens provide weed control and fertilization -> No longer need external inputs -> Reduce environmental impact
    - - Reduce also runoff
      - Increase nutrient use efficiency
        
        Economic benefits
      - Improvements in water quality
    - - Reduce erosion
    - - Availability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus for crops
      - storage of soil organic carbon and nitrogen
      - Alleviation of soil acidity
    - - Tree leaf litter and roots,
      - chopped biomass of tree pruning material
        
        Used for mulching -> control of weeds
        
        provide soil fertilization
        
        reduce N2O emissions
  - - - Incremental
        
        Increasing input use-efficiency
        
        Replacement of conventional inputs and practices with agroecological alternatives
      - Transformative
        
        Redesign of agroecosystem
        
        More diversification
        
        Promoting ecological relationships
        
        Re-establish direct connection between producers and consumers
        
        Shorter food systems
        
        Constructing new global food system (based on social sustainability)
    - - Not sustainable enough
        
        Input substitution
        
        Synthetic fertilizers - Organic fertilizers
        
        Herbicides - Tilling
        
        annual plants that need to be replanted every year
        
        Monocultures or not enough diversity
  - - - Climate
        
        in developed countries with a temperature climate, organic farming rarely adopts agroforestry practices
        
        Climate has huge implications on all farming
      - high initial cost (to get necessary equipment required)
        
        non guaranteed profits
    - - labor
        
        higher labor required
      - Mechanization
        
        Equipment
        
        Plant trees in rows
    - - must implement agronomic pest management
  - - - Silvoarable (trees + agricultural crops)
        
        Agrosilvopastoral ( trees + crops + livestock)