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SPAIN FROM THE CRISIS OF 98' TO 1939 - Coggle Diagram
SPAIN FROM THE CRISIS OF 98' TO 1939
The regency of alfonso XIII 1902-1950
In 1902 Alfonso XIII came of age and assume the throne. He manteines the constitution of 1876 and the traditional system. Called turnismo
Maura:
wanted to end caciquism and corruption by remorming electoral law. He failed to achieve his objectives
canalejas:
introduce social reforms.
Ley del candado
restricting tge foundation of the new religions orders. Seprate the state and the church and eliminate religions un public life
Liberal and conservative parties were in crisis, burgoise supported national parties. Regionalist League in Cataluña, the basque national party and working clases supported repiblican parties and the PSOE.
2 main problems
The crisis of 1917
Some military personnel protested against the promotion system
A parliamentary assembly in barcelona demandes autonomy for cataluña
pistolerismo:
during 1913-23 spain lived a period of extreme violence when people acted on their own, to kill political enemies and other influential people
The tragic week
A popular inserruction broke out in barcelona against the decisions to send the troops to fight morocco
the rivh paid to avoid military service
the unionist called a general strike and the government reacted by violenty represing the protest
The dictatorship of miguel primo de rivera 1923-1930
In 1921 400.000 soldiers died in the disaster of annual during war in Morocco
General miguel rpimo de rivera carried out a coup d'etat in 1923 with the king aproval. A military dictatorship was established in space
primo de rivera suspended the constitution, dissolved the parliament and banned political parties
in 1925 was the alucemas victory, wich is ghe spain victory against morocco. This war ended on 1927
state monopolies were created suach as the company telefonica, or CAMPSA (nowadays REPSOL)
From 1927 criticism of the dictatorship grew among intellectuals, students, workers and nationalist groups. The dictator resigned in january 1930. Alfonso XIII ordered municipal elections in 1930 republican socialist and catalan-nationalist politicians signed the pact of San Sebastian with the aim of overthrowing the monarchy
The regency of maria cristina
regenerationism:
a new movement led by intellectuals, such as joaquim costa and politicians like canalejas (the liberal lider) and maura (the conservative lider) its objective were to dignify politics and modernise society and culture
The crisis of 1898 spain lost its last coloniaes (phillipines, cuba and PR). The loss of these colonies was comsidered a nationak tragedy this was considered a loss of prestige in spain
The second republic of 1931
the constitution of 1931:
In the municipal elections of the 12th april 1931 the republicams wons in the mayor cities, however in the rural areas caciquismo manipulated the resulta. Alfonso XIII wont into exile and a provisional government proclaimed the second republic on 14th april 1931. The new government was headed by niceti alacalá-zamoda
The parliament approved the constitution of 1931
Spain become a democratic and there is jo official religion
Female suffrage, civil marriage, and cumpolsory free primary election
The constituon protected the divion of powers
The auonomy of municipalities and regions
Bienio reformista 1931-1933
Niceto Alcalá zamora become president of the republic and manuel azaña was named primer minister: the first biennium was characterized by a general policy of remorms, to modenise the country.
REFORMS
1) agrian reforms
The aim was to give land to the peasants to increase a production and their standard of living
A law was passed expropiating uncultivated large estates to lease them to landless peasants
This generated conflicts with peasants
2) autonomy of regions
Constitution of 1931 recognized the right of provences to be costitued austonommus regions
1932: cataluña obtain its state 1936: Basque Country but only in bizkaia wen the civil war started
3)Military reforms
Army officers had to swear loyalty to the republic
Some generals suspended of traiton were sent to the periphery: Franco to canarias; mola to pamplona and godet to mallorca
4) labour reform
Minimun wages and accident insurance
Labour issues are protected accidents, disabilities, deaths...
5) education reform
The education budget was increased
Universal right to free and secular education
New schools and the number of teachers increased
Oposition to the reforms
land owners, tne church and the army thoufh the reforms were to radical, so im august 1932 general sanjourjo led a failed coup d'etat
anarchist and unions activist demandes futher reaching reforms, they organaised uprising and occupied estates in casas viejas (cadiz) a peasant uprising was violently represed in 1933
Bienio conservador
New elections were held, right-wining groups joined together to form a coalition and won the elections, government to the centrist leader leader Alejandro Lerroux (CEDA) led by Jose Maria Gil Robles suported Lerrouxs radical party to form a government
the participants in general sanjurjos coup attempt were given an amnesty, and were allowed to return to their military posts
stop reforms
The popular front
February 1936, elections, left-wining groups come together for the elections in a grand coalition the popular front won the elections the new government comsisted only left wining parties
The reforms were resumed
General amnesty for those who had been impresioned in the october 1934 revolution
Autonomy of cataluña was restored
Social unreast increased
Left - revolutionary positions of the anarchist UGT, led by largo Caballero
Right - Calvo Soleto emerged as a leader he encouraged a rebelion
Fascist party - Falange Española, led by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera
There were strikes and violent confrontations between militants on the left and on the right. On 12th july 1936, right wining government assassinated lieutenant castillo. The following day, his comrades assassinated calvo soleto. It is a traditionally considered that this event was a catalyst for the military rebellion
The revolution of october
Left wining parties considered it a betrayal of the republic and called a general strike
in asturias there was a inserruction beetwen the 5th and 18th october workers organisations occupied the mining areas to form a revolutionary government. The inserruction was brutaly represed by the army lead by Francisco Franco who made 1000 deaths and more than 10.000 enjailed people
in Cataluña, lluis companys, president of the generalist proclamed a catalan state within the spanish Federal Republic. The inserruction failed, the generalitat was abolished and the catalan leader were impresioned
The ideological divisions and corruption in the radical party brought down the ruining coalition new general elections were called for February 1936
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936 -1939
The beginning of the war
The rebelion began on 17th july 1936 in morocco. The following day on the peninsula the coul was led by general sanjurjo, franco and mola, supported by part of the army. Carlist, monarchist, conservatives, falangist and most of the church
Republicans
Rebel zone
How did the world react
European democracies (the UK and france) promoted a non-intervention agreement.
the rebel side received weapons and soldiers from fascist italy and nazi germany
the republic zone had a military support from the USSR
the global left considered this war was a symbol of the struggle against fascim. For this reason, foreing volunteers joined the international brigades, military units organized by the communist international, based in paris
Stages of the war
The advance on madrid
Troops from morocco arrived in cadiz, they advance through extremadura and toledo, and aproached madrid in October 1936. The republican government moved to valencia and the rebel armies were defeated in the battle of jrama and the battle of guadalajara
The northern front
On 26th April 1937, planes from the german condor legion bombed the basque town of guernica. The rebels then attacked the iron ring of fortifications around bikbi, and occupied the city in the summer of 1937.
The later stages of the war
In october 37' the republican government moved to Barcelona. At the end of that year the rebel troops focused on the eastern front and in february 38' they took teruel, then they isooated the catalan territory from the rebel zone. The republican government assume that war would soon break out in europe and that would allow the republican government to find allies. The republicans defeat in the battle of the ebro made it easier for the rebels to advance towards cataluña. Barcelona was taken in january 39' and madrid two month later, in march. The rebels went on to occupy the last republican territories (valencia, alicante and cartagena) the war ended on 1st of april 39'