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Carbon and biological molecules - Coggle Diagram
Carbon and biological molecules
Structures & function of large biological molecules
Four classes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules
other important molecules
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Forms: Linear & Ring
Disaccharides (Two Monosaccharides)
Examples
Maltose=G+G
Saccharose = G+F
Lactose= G+Gal
Polysaccharides (Long Chains)
Examples
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Main functions
Carbon sources
Energy source
Building materials
Protein
Amino Acids (Building Blocks)
R-group properties: Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic
Peptide bond: Dehydration reaction
Composition: Amino, Carboxyl, H, R-group
20 Common Amino Acids
Polar (Hydrophillic)
Electrically charged (Acidic/ Basic)
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic)
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary: Linear sequence
Secondary: Local folding (α-helix, β-sheet)
Quaternary: 2+ polypeptide chains
Tertiary: 3D shape (R group interactions)
Protein Functions
Storage
Transport
Defense
Hormone
Enzym
Receptors
Movement
Structural
Example: Hemoglobin
Nucleic Acids (Polynucleotides)
Comparison of DNA and RNA
DNA: Double-stranded, Bases: A-T/G-C, store info, Sugar: Deoxyribose
RNA: Single-stranded, Bases: A-U/G-C, carries info, Sugar: Ribose
Nucleotides (Monomers)
Composition: sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
Phosphodiester linkage
Base Pairing rules: A-T (or U), G-C
DNA double helix
Two types: DNA, RNA
Information Flow: DNA → RNA → Protein
Genes made of DNA
ATP: Modified nucleotide (energy currency)
Lipids
Phospholipids
Cell membrane component
Structure: Hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails
Forms bilayer
Steroids
4 fused rings
Cholesterol: Cell membranes, precursor for hormones
Fat (Triglyceride)
Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids
Ester Linkage
Saturated: No double bonds, solid
Unsaturated: Cis double bonds, liquid
Waxes: Long-chain fatty acid + alcohol
Diverse: Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes, Prostaglandins
Terpenes: Derived from isoprene units
Hydrophobic, nonpolar
Prostaglandins:Derived from fatty acids (inflammation/blood flow)
Carbon Skeleton & Functional Groups
Carbon skeleton
Forms main organic molecules
Vary in length & shape
Double Bonds: (1-Butene, 2-Butene)
Branching: (2-methylpropane)
Length: (Ethane, Propane)
Rings: (Cyclohexane, Benzene)
Functional groups
Dtetermines properties & reactions
Seven important groups
Amino Group (-NH2)
Compound: Amine
Example: Glycine
Properties: Acts as a base (picks up H+)
Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)
Compound: Thiol
Example: Cysteine
Properties: Forms cross-links (stabilizes protein structure)
Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
Compound: Carboxylic acid
Example: Acetic acid
Properties: Acts as an acid (donates H+)
Phosphate Group (-OPO₃²⁻)
Compound: Organic phosphate
Example: Glycerol phosphate
Properties: Negative charge, reacts with water (releasing energy)
Carbonyl Group (-C=O)
Compound: Ketone (within skeleton), Aldehyde (at end)
Properties: Ketones & Aldehydes
Examples: Acetone, Propanal
Methyl Group (-CH₃)
Compound: Methylated compound
Example: 5-Methylcytosine
Properties: Affects gene expression, sex hormones
Hydroxyl Group (-OH)
Compound: Alcohol
Example: Ethanol
Properties: Polar, forms H-bonds
Specific grouping of atoms