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Audrey Flores Period 3 Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
Audrey Flores Period 3 Cardiovascular system
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood groups:
-Based on presence of 2 agglutinogens (A&B) on surface of RBCs
-Blood may contain preformed anti-A/anti-B antibodies (agglutinins)
Rh blood types: A protein on the top of red blood cells that differentiates different blood types
Different blood types
-AB: has antigens A and B, has no antibodies, is known as universal recipient
-O: has no antigens, A and B antibodies, known as universal donor
Anatomy of the heart (chambers and valves)
The heart is made up of many parts specifically 4 specific parts the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
Right Atrium
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. This blood goes through the tricuspid valve.
Right Ventricle
The blood flows to the right ventricle which is connected to the pulmonary semi lunar valve, to the pulmonary trunk, to the pulmonary artery. This then goes to the lungs to become oxygenated.
Left Atrium
The blood from the lungs then goes through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium which goes through the bicuspid/mitral valve.
Left Ventricle
The blood flows through the bicuspid/mitral valve to the left ventricle to where the blood goes through the aortic semilunar valve, to the aorta, and to the rest of the body.
The 2 parts that separate the heart is the apex is the bottom of the heart and the base is the widest part of the heart which is near the top.
There is also something inside the heart known as chordae tendineae that mostly makes up the heart. These are connected to the walls by papillary muscles.
In the very front of the heart there is an interventicular sulcus that runs diagonally and in the back straight down. Inside the heart the middle part is called the interventicular septum.
Structural and Functional Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Capillaries
They are microscopic vessels diameters so small that only a single RBC can pass through at a time. Their walls are as thin as the tunica intima. It's function is to exchange of gasses, nutrients, wastes, hormones between blood and interstitial fluid.
Capillary beds: are interwoven network of capillaries between arteries and venules. They have 2 features that form a special arrangement called vascular shunt and precapillary sphinater.
Veins
They carry blood towards the heart. Their formation begins when capillary beds unite in post capillary venules and merge in larger veins. Blood pressure is lower in veins than in arteries so adaptions ensure the return of blood to the heart. The venous valves prevent backflow of blood and is the most abundant of limbs. The venous sinuses are flattened veins with extremely thin walls.
Arteries
They are divided into 3 groups based on their size and function
Muscular arteries: It is known as the distributing arteries as they deliver blood to body organs. It is what most arteries are and are active in vasoconstriction.
Arterioles: Is the smallest of all arteries. They control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle. They are known as the resistance arteries because changing the diameters change resistance to blood flow. It leads to capillary beds.
Elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen. Its purpose is to act like pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil blood is ejected from the heart
Vital Signs
Blood pressure: force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
How to take blood pressure: It is measured using a sphygmamonometer.
1.) wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow
2.) Increase pressure in cuff until exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
3.) Pressure released slowly and examiner listens for sounds korotkoff with stethascope
Systemic blood pressure: pumping of action of heart generates blood flow. It is highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway
Arterial Blood pressure
-Systolic pressure: pressure exported in aorta during ventricular contraction
-Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Venous Blood pressure
1.) Muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles in milk blood back toward heart
2.) Respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing, move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins expand
3.) Sympathetic venoconstruction: under sympathetic control smooth muscles constrict pushing blood back towards heart
Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse, pressure can be felt under the skin
Taking a pulse
-Radial pulse (taken at wrist): mostly routinely used
-Pressure points: areas where arteries are close to the body surface
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Anemia: When blood has an abnormally low O2 carrying capacity to support metabolism. 3 groups based on cause: blood loss, not enough RBC produced, too many RBC being destroyed
Leukaemia: a cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC
Pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium, it is excess of fluid
Fibrillation: rapid, irregular contractions
Arrhythmias: irregular heart rhythms, uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions
Heart murmurs: abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits abstructions
Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate (if persistent may lead to fibrillation)
Bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
Varicose veins: dilated & painful veins due to incomplete (leaky) veins
Hypertension: sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher
Hypotension: It is low blood pressure under 90/60 mm Hg, usually not concern unless causes inadequate blood flow to tissues
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular system
The life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system is blood which has three major functions.
Regulation: It maintains normal body temp by absorbing and distributing heat. It maintains a normal Ph level by using alkaline reserves of bicarbonate ions. It maintains enough fluid volume in the circulatory system.
Protection: It prevents blood loss using plasma proteins and platelets in blood to clot. It prevents infections by using agents of immunity that are carried in the blood such as antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells.
Transport: It delivers O2 and nutrients to the body cells. It transports metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for them to be eliminated. It transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs.
Major components and functions of blood
Functions of blood
Regulation: It regulates body temp, it maintains a normal Ph level, and maintains enough fluid volume.
Protection: It prevents blood loos and prevents infection
Transport: It delivers O2 and nutrients to body cells, transports metabolic wastes, and transports hormones.
Major components
Blood Plasma
A straw colored sticky fluid that is about 90% water. It is made up of over 100 dissolved solutes. It has nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, and inorganic ions. Albumin makes up 60% of the plasma proteins.
Erythrocytes
Formations of RBC: There are three phases. The first one being ribosome synthesis, then hemoglobin accumilation, and then ejection of nucleus.
Production of erythrocytes: The hematopoiesis formation is the formation of all blood cells. This occurs in the red bone marrow.
Function of erythrocytes: It is to transport respiratory gases. The hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
Regulation & Requirements of Erythropoiesis: It helps with hormone control. The erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the formation of RBC. There is always a small amount of this in the blood and is released in the kidneysin response to hypoxia
Structural characteristics: They are small diameter cells that contribute to gas transport. It has a biconcave disc shape, is anucleated, and has no organelles. It is filled with hemoglobin.
Leukocytes
It is the only formed element that is complete cell with a nuclei and organells. Their function is to defend against diseases. Leukocytosis is an increase in production of WBC which is normal response to infection.
Grouped in 2 major categories
Granulocytes: It contains visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Protection and lifespan of leukocytes
Leukoeisis: Helps production of WBC to stimulate by 2 types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBC. These being interleukins and colony-stimulating factors.
Platelets
It is fragments of a learger megakaryocyte. It is involved in the blood clotting process. It's function is to form temporary platelet plugs that helps seal breaks in blood vessels. This is regulated by thrombopoietin
Blood has three layers in total 45% is erythrocytes, 1% is the buffy coat made up of white blood cells and platelets, and 55% platelets.
Major Blood Vessels
The vascular system consists of 2 main circulations: The pulmonary circulation and system circulation.
Pulmonary circulation: Short loop that runs from heart to lungs and back to heart
Systemic Circulation: long loop to all parts of body and back to the heart
Arteries run deep while veins run deep and superficial
Arteries:
-Subclavian artery
-common cartoid arteries
-Brachiocephalic trunk
-aortic arch
-axillary artery
-ascending aorta
-Brachial artery
-abdominal aorta
-Thoracic aorta
-Ulnar artery
-Radial artery
-Femoral artery
-Fibular artery
-Anterior tibial artery
Veins:
-Internal jugular vein
-Brachiocephalic vein
-Superior vena cava
-external jugular vein
-subclavian vein
-Axillary vein
-Superficial veins: cephalic vein, basilica vein
-Deep veins: brachial vein, ulnar vein, radial vein
-Internal iliac
-External iliac vein
-Inferior vena cava
-Common iliac vein
-Femoral vein
-Great Saphenous vein
Layers of the Heart
The heart is covered by the pericardium which is a double walled sac that surrounds the heart. This is made up of 2 layers. The parietal layer and the visceral layer. They are separated by a fluid called the pericardial cavity.
Parietal layer: lines the internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral Layer: It is on the external surface of the heart
The heart wall has 3 layers
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
Endocardium: innermost layer is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac cycle
The intrinsic cardiac conduction system: Is made up of a network of noncontractile cells. It initiates and distributes impulses to coordinate depolarization and contractile of heart.
Sequence of excitation: First is sinoatrial node, then atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and finally subendocardial conducting network.
Atrioventricular node (AV node): It is in the superior interventicular septum. It is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles.
Right and left bundle branches: It has 2 pathways in the interventicular septum. It carries impulses towards the apex of the heart.
Atrioventricular node (AV node): It is in the inferior interatrial septum
Subendocardial conducting network: It is also known as the purkinje fibers. It is the complete pathway through the interventricular septum into the apex and ventricular walls.
Sinoatrial node (SA node): pacemaker of the heart in the right atrial wall. The impulses it produces spread across the atria into the AV node
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): it is a graphic recording of the electrical activity in the heart
It is a composite of all action potentials at a given time not a tracing of a single AP. Electrodes are placed at various points on the body to measure voltage difference
It has 6 main features:
P-wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
T-wave: ventricular repolarization
S-T segment: entire venricular myocardium depolarization
Electrocardiograph: can detect electrical currents generated by the heart
Blood Flow through the Heart and Body
The deoxygenated blood from the body goes through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium. It then goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. This then goes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk, to the pulmonary artery, and into the lungs to become oxygenated. This then travels through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. It goes through the bicuspid/mitral valve into the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve, and into the aorta to the rest of the body to make it oxygenated.