Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

demography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - introduction to contraception
        
        contraceptive pill introduced in 1961 in uk
        
        abortion act 1967
        
        in 2022 there were 251,377 abortions in the uk
        
        gives women freedom
      - changes in womens priorities
        
        increased education opportunities for girls
        
        career aspirations -delay children
        
        49% of women aged 30 were childless in 2019 compared with 38% of their mothers generation
    - - children are expensive
        
        child action poverty group say that the cost of raising a child is £260,000
        
        prefer less children - expensive - different finical priorities
        
        having more children impacts family standards
      - children can no longer work
        
        used to be able to work - economic assest
        
        employments of children act 1975
    - - harper argues that if children died parents would have have more children to replace those lost
      - the infant mortality rate in the uk has decline from 6.1 in 1996 to 3.9 in 2023
      - falling because
        
        improved housing
        
        better nutrition
        
        better knowledge of hygiene
- - - - McKeown - improved nutrition accounts for up to half the reduction in death rates and reducing TB deaths
      - better nutrition increased resistance to infection and increased the survival chances of those who did become infected
      - purchases of white bread have dropped 75% since 1974 according to the survey while those of brown and wholemeal bread have risen by 85%
    - - 1950's onwards improved medical knowledge techniques and organizations which have reduced death rates - advances include antibiotics, immunizations, blood transfusions, improved maternity and setting up of the NHS in 1948
      - more sophisticated medical care means more people are surviving illnesses
      - Since a measles vaccine was introduced in the UK in 1968, the UK Health Security Agency estimates that 20 million measles cases, and 4,500 deaths, have been averted.
    - - McKeown (1972) - biggest death rates has come from a reduction in the number of people smoking.
      - in 2019 there were estimated to be 74,600 deaths attributable to smoking this is a decrease of 9% from 2009
      - smoking deaths have been replaced by obesity. in 2022 to 2023 64% of adults in England were estimated to be overweight or obese
    - - decline in dangerous manual jobs such as mining due to a changing economy and improvements to health and safety in the workplace
      - higher wages means more access to appliances in the home which have improved living conditions
      - in 2004 the average weekly earnings in the uk was £389 compared to £733 in 2025
    - - the NHS provide a free healthcare system to all
      - seen a number of welfare benefits granted: unemployment benefits, winter heating payment for the elderly, pensioners grants and benefits
      - In 1931, the life expectancy in the UK was 59 for males and 63 for females (before NHS introduction). This increased to 79 for males and 83 for women in 2011. (ONS, 2013)
    - - social isolation- if people are living longer there will be loneliness especially after the death of a partner. can influence a beanpole family or lead to depression or anxiety
      - finical strain - longer lives put economic pressure on families this might also make middle aged adults having to help elderly parents
      - increased stability - children more likely to live with grandparents making more support within the family which will help younger generations with finical and emotional stability
      - pure relationships
- - - - medical and social advances mean people are living longer
    - - fewer babies die in infancy so more people survive into old age
    - - fewer young people are being born increasing the proportion of older individuals in the population
  - - - this has a negative impact on the working population because
        
        they have to work to fund these services
        
        adults are becoming responsible for the care of their parents/grandparents taking time away from work or leisure
        
        public investment into elderly services means less investment into other areas such as education or wages
  - - - ageism can be explained using structured dependency where older people are made dependent on others due to how society is organized
      - compulsory retirement makes elderly more economically reliant on their families. as society vales people for their productivity being excluded can lead to stigmatized identity and reinforce ageism
      - Phillipson- (Marxist) argues that under capitalism the elderly are seen as unproductive so the state provides limited support leaving families to take on their care
    - - hunt says people choose lifestyles regardless of age . our age no longer determines who we are
      - counters the modern society saying that society fixed life stages are breaking down
      - consumption is what drives our identities. the elderly can now buy products or invest in things that make them look/feel younger and healthier , giving them more opportunities in life