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Bio Cumulative Review - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 4 postulates
        
        Variation — without variation in a population in terms of alleles, there are no traits that can be selected for (a little further along, but selection acts on traits by essentially allowing traits that are more fit to continue because more fit traits generally allow for more reproduction)
        
        Inheritability — there must be traits that can be passed down from parents to offspring, with out this, beneficial traits would be lost between generations, making survival random and not based on genetics, which is the basic definition of natural selection
        
        Variation in fitness — some individuals in the population reproduce or survive better than others, making them the model individuals in the popoulation
        
        Traits linked to fitness, which are inheritable — in order for selection to act on species, allowing the continuation of fit individuals, those individuals should have differences that separate them from each other.
  - - - Evolution relies on the age of the earth, as a key part of its definition includes that changes occur over large periods of time. Sedimentary rocks found, which can provide the date and age of the earth provide evidence that major claim that evolution hinges its argument holds true. Ages can be determined through radiometric dating or relative dating
      - Without an old earth, many evolution arguments cease to exist.
    - - Transitional features prove that change occurs over time, it is not instaneous changes. They prove that these changes indeed occurred.
    - - Proves that organisms changed over time, even the ones that we see today, because they had to be a different organism in the past (i.e. if we have tailbones, the only reason why those exist is because over time we branched and diverged from the ancestor who had a tail)
    - - Extinctions
        
        Prove that species that lived a long time ago no longer live today, evidence for a) common ancestors (which is between fossils and modern animals that look alike) and b) that change had to occur for some species to not exist anymore, especially evident when the argument for fossils were that we hadn’t seen the organism yet but it exists, when they were too large)
      - Geological connections
    - - These are traits that are shared between two living or one living and one deceased or two deceased organisms.
        
        Genetic: share similar DNA sequences, sequences for hemoglobin, or RNA sequences
        
        Developmental: the organisms in embryonic form either go through similar stages, or look the same.
        
        Structural: have similar organismal adult structures
    - - Shows us both! Evolution is change over species over time, an that species are related through common ancestory. These are cases where we have been able to see evolution take place over a short period, like the webbed feet of the green anoles demonstrating how evolution occurs over generations, but how anoles who had webbed feet and those who did not still are related!
    - - Geological time, transitional features, vestigial structures, evolution contemporary (to some extent, we see teh change in species)
    - - Homology, contemporary evolution, fossils, vestigial