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SCH4U — “Course Mind Map: Key Concepts & Relationships” HOMAM :star: …
SCH4U — “Course Mind Map: Key Concepts & Relationships” HOMAM :star:
UNIT 1 — Atomic Structure & Properties of Matter
Atomic structure
protons, neutrons, electrons
orbitals (s, p, d, f), electron configuration
Periodic trends
Electronegativity ↑ (across), Atomic radius ↓ (across), Ionization energy ↑
Bonding types
ionic, covalent, metallic
polarity (dipoles
Polarity of functional groups depends on electronegativity difference , connect with unit 2 :silhouettes:
VSEPR shapes (e.g., tetrahedral, trigonal planar, bent)
IMFs
London dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding
Connection arrow → physical properties (bp, mp, solubility)
Breaking IMF requires energy (endothermic) connect with unit 3 :silhouettes:
Forming IMF releases energy (exothermic) ,connect with unit 3 :silhouettes:
Visuals
Bohr model vs orbital diagram
VSEPR shapes
Periodic table with trend arrows
UNIT 2 — Organics
Isomerism
structural, geometric (cis-trans), optical
Organic reactions
addition
oxidation
substitution
esterification
polymerization (addition vs condensation)
Functional group
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines
add small drawings (very helpful visually)
Polymers
polarity affects solubility
Polarity of functional groups depends on electronegativity difference , connect with unit 1 :silhouettes:
reactions require energy
connect with unit 3 : Polymerization may require energy input :silhouettes:
Hydrocarbon families
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
aromatic compounds (benzene ring)
connect with unit 3 : Combustion of hydrocarbons releases ΔH (exothermic)
UNIT 3 — Energy, Enthalpy & Rates
Enthalpy (ΔH)
Heat change during chemical reactions
Calorimetry: Q = mcΔT (used to measure energy)
Hess’s Law: ΔHtotal = sum of steps
Ex:formation of water from H₂ + O₂
Thermodynamics
exothermic (–ΔH)
endothermic (+ΔH)
ex:Combustion of propane → CO₂ + H₂O (exo)
IMF affect energy changes
connect with unit 1 :silhouettes:
Breaking IMF requires energy (endothermic)
Forming IMF releases energy (exothermic)
Reaction Rates
Collision Theory
reactions occur when particles collide with correct orientation and sufficient energy
Factors affecting rate
Temperature ↑ → faster collisions
Concentration ↑ → more collisions
Surface area ↑ → more collisions
Catalyst → lowers activation energy (Ea)
Activation energy influences forward vs reverse rates connect with unit 4 :silhouettes:
Activation Energy & Catalysts
Catalyst speeds up reaction without being consumed
Ea = minimum energy needed for reaction
UNIT 4 — Equilibrium
Reversible Reactions & Dynamic Equilibrium
Forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates
Concentrations remain constant
connect with unit 3 :silhouettes:
Endothermic ⇌ exothermic equilibrium shifts
e Châtelier: heat acts as a “reactant” or “product”
Activation energy influences forward vs reverse rates
connect with unit 2 :silhouettes:
Esterification ⇌ hydrolysis is reversible
Acid–base equilibria involve functional groups
Le Châtelier’s Principle
System shifts to counteract stress
Stress types:
Concentration changes → shifts to side that uses excess
Temperature changes → exo/endothermic effect
Pressure/volume changes → affects gases
Equilibrium Constant (K)
K = [products]/[reactants]
K > 1 → products favored, K < 1 → reactants favored
connect with unit 1 :silhouettes:
Vapor-liquid equilibrium depends on IMF
Acid strength depends on molecular structure
Solubility Equilibrium
Ex: AgCl ⇌ Ag⁺ + Cl⁻
Solubility of ionic salts
Acid/Base Equilibria
CH₃COOH ⇌ CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺
Weak acids and bases partially dissociate
How chemistry is taught at university :<3:
STRUCTURE → PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES → ENERGY
ENERGY → EQUILIBRIUM
APA Format
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2008). Science: Chemistry, Grade 12, College Preparation (SCH4C) and University Preparation (SCH4U) curriculum. Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
OpenAI. (2026). ChatGPT (Version GPT-5.2) [Large language model]. Used to support idea generation and conceptual organization for the mind map assignment. Retrieved January 26, 2026.
