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chemical context of life - Coggle Diagram
chemical context of life
2.1 elements and compounds
elements
facts = trace elements are also a thing which are required by organism only in minute quantities.
examples= CHON carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
define= substance that cannot be broken down to other substances
CHON makes up 96% of living matter
elements of life
carbon contains 18% forming BACKBONE of organic molecules
hydrogen 10 % also necessary in H2O making up water
oxygen takes up 65% of living matter mainly found in H2O
Nitrogen 3% very important for amino acids
compounds
facts= matter consists of chemical elements in pure form in combination
example = NaCl (sodium + chloride = sodium chloride)
define = made up of atoms joined by bonds
substance containing 2 or more elements
case study toxic elements
some elements that are toxic = lead in paints / cadmium = in batteries
example = plant communities can adapt to serpentine
some species can adapt to environments containing toxic elements
elements can exist in gas, solid, or liquid depending on temp/ pressure
2.2 element properties
atomic mass
mass number = protons + neutrons
atomic mass= atoms' total mass
atomic number = sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
find the atomic mass above the elemental symbol
isotopes
radioactive isotopes- decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
EXAMPLE= used in diagnostic tools such as PET scan.
2 atoms of an elements but differ in number of neutrons
can be used to track atoms through metabolism
subatomic particle
neutrons = neutral charge / no charge
protons = positive charge / atomic number
atoms= smallest unit in atoms
electrons = negative charge / forms a cloud around nucleus
energy levels of electrons
potential energy = energy that possess given its location & structure
electrons of atoms differ amounts of potential energy based on distance from nuclues.
energy = capacity to cause change
electrons are found in different electron shells, each with characteristics average distance and energy levels.
2.3 formation & function of molecules
Ionic bonds
cations = positively charged ions +
anions = negative charged ions -
atoms sometimes STRIP electrons from bonding partner
ionic bonding - cations + anions. or compound formed by ionic bond
molecular shape / function
molecular shape- determined by the positions of an atom's orbitals
EXAMPLE: s and p orbitals may hybridize, creating molecular space.
molecular size and shape are key to its FUNCTION
EXAMPLE = morphine produces endorphins that have similar effects to shape and size as the ones in brain receptors.
bonds and molecules
covalent bonds= strong pair of valance electrons by 2 atomes
Example of chemical bond - hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds
chemical bonds= interactions usually result in atoms staying close together held by attraction
molecules= consist of 2 or more atoms held together by COVALENT BONDS
chemical reactions can make or break chemical bonds
products = resulting molecular of a chemical reaction
EXAMPLE = photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O= C6H12O6 + 6O2
reactants = starting molecules of a chemical reactions
ALL chemical reactions are reversible - products of forward reactions become reactanats of reverse reactions.