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Chapter 2, Chapter 3 Expansion and Empire - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2
2.2 England in the Age of Discovery - 1558 - 1707
Exploration and discovery
Colony at Roanoake Failed
Jamestown - 1607 first successful permanent colony
Jamestown Colony Funded by the Virginia Company
Pilgrim Fathers (extreme Puritans) setup a Colony in New England shortly after Jamestown Colony Founded.
Mayflower Compact - a social contract created by the Pilgrim fathers and seen as the origin of democracy in America
Extra Facts
The Virginia Company was setup in 1606 - aiming to make profits from the production of Tobacco
Virginia Company paid missionaries to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
Join the Virginia Company by either; buying shares and staying in England or becoming a planter and being provided a house in return for labour (eventually paid share of profit)
Walter Raleigh given permission by Queen Elizabeth I to colonise Virginia.
End of control in France
1558 - loss of Calais under Queen Mary
Began an era of heightened exploration across the Atlantic
Transatlantic Slave Trade:
John Hawkins and Francis Drake became the first English slave traders
Britain eventually transported 3 million out of 12 million slaves during this period.
The Caribbean islands (Barbados + Jamaica) were completely dominated by slave labour and sugar plantations.
Ireland
Ulster Plantations - period in which Britain tried to control Ireland.
Scottish and English Protestants took control of the lands of Catholic Nobles in the province of Ulster (Northern area Ireland)
This led to much tension in Northern Ireland that continues to this day in the form of the Irish troubles in the 1960s
Extra Facts
The name Derry was changed to Londonderry to show city merchants involvement
"Plantation" in Ireland meant to settle protestant migrants.
French Migration
1600s - immigration to Britain caused by religious tensions in France
French Protestant Huguenots had their religious freedom (from 1698) revoked by Louis XIV in 1684
Many forced to flee to Britain in the late 1600s
2.3 Britain and the America's 1707 - 1865
Wars
Seven Years War
Early 1700s - Britain's colonies had expanded - however tensions ran high with France in; North America, the Caribbean and India
Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 between France and England left Britain victorious
Britain had incurred much debt during the war effort - so taxed it's new colonies in North America.
American War of Independence
The taxes imposed upon the colonies had no reflection on how the colonies wanted to be treated.
The 13 American Colonies had no representative in Parliament due to the long distance relationship
As a result of this the American Colonists successfully fought the American War of Independence (1775 to 1883) against the British to form their own Republic
Extra Facts
1770 Boston Massacre - British soldiers killed 5 colonists
Britain's debt rose from 74 Million to 133 Million (seven years war)
Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans boarded East India ships and threw 342 chests of tea into the water
British shut off all trade to the ports of Boston
Impact of American Independence
British Loyalists settled in Canada - led to strong ties to Britain
Loss of America meant Britain had to halt the process of transporting criminals to America
short term decision was to hold the convicts in prison hulks (old cargo ships) floated off the coast of Britain.
The discovery of Australia in 1787 meant Britain started sending convicts there instead
consequence of this was that as in America the Australian Aborigines were exterminated
Extra Facts
The British used the Aborigine belief of "terra nullius" to excuse their taking control of the land.
First fleet of convicts arrived in Australia in 1787
African Americans
African Americans and Black loyalist soldiers arrived in Britain after having fought for Britain in the American War of Independence
Olaudah Equiano a former slave became a prominent figure in the movement to abolish the slave trade
Slavery was abolished - 1834
Many who arrived after the war ended up living poor on the streets of London leading to attempts of starting a colony in West Africa (Sierra Leone)
despite abolition of slavery, slaveowners continued to mistreat the black community - further conflict (Morant Bay Rebellion 1865)
Extra Facts
the trading of slaves (not the concept of slavery in 1834) was abolished in 1807
Key abolitionists include; Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce, Olaudah Equiano
Chapter 3 Expansion and Empire
3.2 Britain as the workshop of the world 1750 - 1939
Highland Clearances
This process involved the wealthy landowners in Scotland forcing the small tenant farmers off their land in order that it could be used for large scale sheep farming
10s of thousands were evicted meaning that many emigrated to Canada where the British empire was gaining a strong foothold.
Internal Migration
Many people in Britain were migrating from rural areas and towards urban cities due to population growth.
This was due to new job opportunities in towns and cities - including; textiles and coalmining
New Zealand
As the population of Britain grew so did the demand for food.
The production of food by English agriculture couldn't provide for this huge population. This meant that England began rely on huge imports from other countries.
The new migrants of the 1800s in New Zealand began farming sheep and shipping the wool and lamb to Britain through the new technology of refrigeration.
Ireland
This was caused by the populations reliance on the potato as a food source as it grew extremely well in the Irish conditions.
The Great Famine of Ireland (1845 - 1852)
During this Famine over 1 million Irish died.
As a result of the famine many Irish emigrated to England and America
Employment schemes from the English Government helped these Irish emigrants.
European Migrants
During the 1890s and 1900s Jewish migrants began settling in Europe fleeing from persecution in Russia.
Because Britain was relatively less anti - semitic than other European countries many Jew's chose to emigrate there.
However, there was still much hostility in Britain towards these migrants.
As a result an Aliens Act of 1905 was passed restricting the emigration.
3.3 British Expansion in India 1750 - 1914
Early East India Company + Overview
1600s - company setup trading posts along with many other competing European nations (Dutch + French) in India
Mid - 1700's East India company officials gained much power through; trade, tax collection and military victories.
These individuals include Robert Clive (victorious at battle of Plassey) and Warren Hastings (governor general of East India Company)
Despite their questionable successes Warren Hastings was put on trial for corruption
1784 - British government took over company
1800s - British control of India
British Generals imposed western values through laws on the Indian population which caused much tension and unrest.
Britain's dependency on India: 300,000 Indian Sepoys in British army which was a major fraction of British troops.
1857 - Great Rebellion / Indian Mutiny caused by rumours of use of cartridges greased with beef and pork fat - offended Indian troops
End of British control
After the Mutiny the British government took control of India directly + abolished East India company.
Under direct British rule Indians experienced British feelings of racial superiority and economic exploitation.
Indian nationalism grew in opposition to British exploitation and control.
1900s - Nationalism had grown into a significant political movement however these demands of self rule wouldn't be addressed until after WW1.
3.4 British expansion in Africa
1870s - 1900s - Scramble for Africa
Shorter journey from India to Europe
British Citizens bought shares in canal
Increased control of Egypt
1869 - Suez Canal opens
1884 - Berlin conference - decides which nations could expand where.
Britain controls territory from Egypt nearly all the way to South Africa (Kenya + Uganda)
Brings Migrant labour from India to build railways.
Imperial propaganda
Including; soap bars, tins of chocolate, school text book
These were conveyed as positive aspects of empire
Early British influence of Africa
1800 - 1914 -Expanded to Africa
Early 1800s - Cape colony (modern South Africa)
Early 1800s - Christian missionaries and merchants active in west Africa