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CRIME: in contemporary society - Coggle Diagram
CRIME: in contemporary society
media and crime
media distorts reality
LEFT REALISTS
media disguises reality that both offenders and victims are mainly wc
MARXISTS
media distorts reality, concealment of white collar crime
CRIME SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES
most people base understanding of crime on what they see in the media rather than own experience
FLATLEY
media creates hyper-reality of crime
although falling steadily between 1995 and 2010, 3/4 of population thought crime was rising based on media
SURETTE
media distorts view by showing us opposite of reality
media shows opposite of official statistics
LAW OF OPPOSITES
e.g. property crimes heavily unrepresented as deemed boring
GREER AND REINER
choose to report or make programmes about crime considered newsworthy
if meets news values, it will be reported on
we are unaware of some crimes as they are unreported on because don't meet values
from this
JEWKES
made news values
threshold
considered significant or dramatic enough
proximity
cultural or geographical closeness or meaning
predictability
more likely to be covered as media plan ahead
individualism
focus on individuals and little complexities
simplification
easily understood and not complex, little background explanation needed
risk
sufficiently serious, random and unpredictable
media causes fear of crime
media are moral entrepeneurs
the media have the power to label and define who is criminal by targeting certain groups- leading to self-fulfilling prophecy and deviancy amplification
deterministic
media causes moral panics leading to deviancy amplification
HALL
black muggers in the 1970s- media frenzy caused fear of young black men and deviancy amp
COHEN
mods and rockers led to deviancy amp
MCROBBIE AND THORNTON 1995
suggest moral panics outdated because we now have 24hr rolling news, so difficult to create focused moral panic as so much news
BECK
risk society says there are now so many risks and uncertainties that many of the things that used to generate moral panics are now a part of normal life
media increase sense of relative deprivation
LR argue that the media depicts a glamorous lifestyle that makes people want to commit crime as they are relatively deprived
the media depict crime as a commodity
FENWICK AND HEYWARD
say crime is marketed to young people as romantic, exciting, cool and a fashionable symbol
perfumes such as "opium" or "poison" all play a part in making crime seem cool
argued that increased crime on media can cause fear of crime such as true crime podcasts, and prevent crime
new forms of media such as the internet have led to cybercrime
JEWKES
says the internet creates opportunities to commit conventional and new types of crime
cyber pornography, cyber violence
media does enable us to stop crime as it has enhanced communication
globalisation and crime
HELD
the widening, deepening and speeding up of world wide interconnectedness, in all aspects of life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual
the global criminal economy
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME
is organised crime coordinated across national borders, involving groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute criminal activity
supply and demand e.g. FEMALE TRAFFICKING
supply
brazil,
demand
west/central europe
TOC
enabled by global criminal networks, involving complex interconnections between networks transcending national boundaries
GLOCAL
local crime with global connections
developed due to growth of information age
MISHA GLENNY
networks form global criminal economy which accounts for
15%
global trade
drug trafficking
8%
world trade
money laundering
2-5%
global GDP
CASTELLS
global criminal economy worth over one trillion per year
human trafficking- estimated 13000 victims of slavery in Britain in 2014
in colombia,
20%
population depends on cocaine production for their livelihood
post-modernist views on TOC
globalisation creates new insecurities and produces new mentality of
'risk consciousness'
where risk is seen as global rather than tied to a particular context
increased movement of people has given rise in the west about a need to protect the borders- insecure about immigrants
this all leads to intensification of social control at a national level, for example tightened border control
SIX IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION ON CRIME
3) greater inequality leads to greater crime (marxist/LR)
TAYLOR
globalisation causes inequality and poverty through
globalisation allows capitalism to breed more crime by exploiting workers and creating large scale fraud
in western countries, manufacturing products abroad has lowered job opportunities for WC- leading to crime
LEA AND YOUNG
global media promotes materialistic lifestyle, causing more crime as people live in relative deprivation
4) old style mafia networks gone, now global
mcmafia
GLENNY
global organised crime network, business that has producer, consumer, distributor.
global crime network developed after the collapse of the soviet union and end of communism in 1989- mcmafia formed in russia which has helped produce a global business like crime network
zone of production
afghanistan and colombia for cocaine
zone of distribution
organised gangs in mexico, jamaica move drugs around the world
zone of the consumer
EU, Japan, USA all want illegal drugs
HOBBS AND DUNNIGNHAM
2) problems with policing
transnational crimes requires cooperation between diff law enforcements
laws and what requires interference varies country to country
5) glocal crime networks have developed as a result of deindustrialisation
WINLOW
studied bouncers in sunderland, found as cities in the UK now source hard labour production to other countries , men are looking for new ways to assert masculinity and may get involved in crime
HOBBS AND DUNNINGHAM
criticise Glenny, network for crime is still local
criminals in UK work on local level but have global connection, estimated between 3000 and 4000 women have been trafficked into the UK from Eastern Europe through local UK connections
1) risk consciousness developed
PM
BECK
global crime given rise to new set of anxieties- risk consciousness
now at risk of being victim of crime from ppl miles away rather than just local
easier to move country to country, more immigrants, more terrorist attacks, risk consciousness about border control (also moral panic makes worse)
6) disorganised capitalism
LASH AND URRY
globalised work, increased deregulation and fewer state controls over business
greater opportunities for crime as harder to keep track
corporations act transnationally to increase profit and lower regulation
green crime
definitions
traditional criminologist
would say that green crime is anything that breaks the law (in terms of environment)
SITU AND EMMONS 2000
an unauthorised act or ommision that violates the law of a state or nation- would not consider global warming or acid rain criminal as they do not break the law
easy to prosecute as the law is black/white- objective
doesn't acknowledge global green crime
some things are morally wrong but not under the law
green/transgressive sociologists
wider understanding of what constitutes green crime saying it should be wider than just law breaking
WHITE
argues crime against environment is anything that harms it, even if no official law has been broken, study zemiology (study of harms)
everyone would be a criminal if this is the case as we all create harm in some way- is cutting the grass a crime?
what exactly constitutes harm
difficult to police
late post-modernists
BECK
argues environmental crime is committed by humans against the environment that creates global risk- we have created environmental risks through tech/manufacturing
GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY
SUTTON
we are not all vulnerable to the environmental damage we have created, more wealthy people can move away from areas or environmental damage so we are not aware of this risk
issues with policing
many green crimes undertaken by states themselves, the very people supposed to be policing environmental crime
different countries have different laws and so a harmful act committed in one country may not be considered illegal in another country- prosecutions unlikely to take place
governments in developing country don't have power or finance to take action against transnational corporations as they are dependent on them for their income
no internationally agreed way of policing green crime
types of green crime
NIGEL SOUTH
primary green crimes
crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth's resources
crimes of air pollution
burning FF from industry and transport add 6 billion tons of carbon to atmosphere every year
WALTERS 2013
twice as many now die from air-pollution induced breathing problems as 20 years ago
secondary green crime
crime that grows out of breaking the rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters, gvmts regularly break their own laws
what causes green crime?
BRIAN WOLF
4 perpatrators
1)
individuals- we all harm the environment
2)
private businesses- corporate crime
3)
states/gvmt- military the biggest institutional polluter
4)
organised crime- in collusion with gvmt/industry for contracts to do with waste disposal
these groups have anthropocentric view of environment
human-centred approach
idea that humans have the right to use the world's resources and dominate nature
WHITE
green criminologist, argues capitalism is the main cause of green crimes- capitalism anthropocentric view
view similar to marxist focus on green crime as an act of power, rc shape and define law to benefit own exploitative interests on the environment
HALSEY AND WHITE
green crime caused by dominance of capitalist ideology, prioritising economic growth over the environmemt
who are the victims of green crime?
WHITE 2003
developing countries face far greater exposure to environmental air, water and land pollution than those in the developed world
WOLF 2011
when green crime is committed, the natural environment is damaged but the victims of the crimes tend to be poor as they are unable to move away from sites that are damaged in environmental disasters
in 1984 the people of Bhopal in India who were the victims of union carbide gas leak
over 2000 died immediately due to the leak but it is estimated that over 8000 have died since of gas related illnesses as many of the local people were unable to move away from Bhopal after the incident as they were so poor
thousands of animals also died
POTTER 2010
social divisions are reinforced by environmental harm, with the least powerful being the most likely victims of green crimes, and bourgeoisie being most likely to commit crime
BECK
green crime affects everyone equally as we all live in a global risk society with environmental risks that humans have created themselves
evaluation
recognises the importance of environmental issues and global risks
recognises human interdependence with other species and the environment, and that we depend on the environment to survive
theory focuses on harm rather than criminality, meaning green crime is accused of being engaged with a subjective interpretation- subject to bias
positivists want to see sociology as a science with objective definitions but we are unable to measure and test harm as it is open to interpretation
state crime
GREEN and WARD
illegal and deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state activities
5 definitions
3) the definition of state crime is socially constructed and will change from culture to culture and from audience to audience
labelling theorists believe that what a state crime is, is socially constructed so will change from culture to culture
sociologists cannot give a set definition to what a state crime is- we must accept it will always change and be hard to define
4) a state crime is anything that breaks international law
ROTHE AND MULLINS 2008
state crime is an action by or on behalf of a state that violates international law and a states own domestic law
international criminal court based in the hague deals with state crime, also geneva convention organisation deals with state crimes such as war crimes
2) a state crime is any act committed by state agents that lead to social harm- zemiology
MICHALOWSKI 1985
state crime includes illegal acts but also legally permissible acts which cause harm
HILLYARD 2004
replace the study of crime with zemiology regardless of if the act is against the law, state crime is any crime committed by an agent state that causes harm even if no law is broken
5) a state crime is anything which breaks human rights
SCHWENDINGER 1975
state crime should be defined as a violation of people's basic human rights by the state and their agents
we have the universal declaration of human rights made by the UN which defines what a human is entitled to
UN defines human rights as "
1) a state crime is anything which a state defines as criminal according to their domestic law
CHAMBLIS
acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of the jobs as representatives of the state
a problem with this definitions
globalisation impact on state crime
allows more wealthy countries to commit state crime in other less developed countries
due to increased travel its possible for one state to commit a crime in another state
4 types of state crime
MCLAUGHLIN 2001
POLITICAL CRIMES
rigging elections of appointing officials corruptly
POLICE AND SECURITY FORCES
torture, genocide, illegal detention and unjustified violence against demonstrators
amnesty international says minimum of 111 countries practiced torture and ill-treatment in 2009
ECONOMIC CRIMES
failing to pay state employees the minimum wage or breaking health and safety regulation in state-run enterprises
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CRIMES
mistreatment of minority ethnic groups, e.g. suppressing minority languages
case study- TONY BLAIR
2003 UK (Blair) and US (Bush) invaded IRAQ to remove saddam hussein from power
decision broke international laws as UK/US had not secured agreement of international community via the UN
case study- AMERICAN CIA 2003
attempt to tackle islamic terrorism
extraordinary rendering- illegally transferred suspected Muslim terrorists to other countries which had no laws prohibiting torture
enhanced interrogation- CIA ask foreign torturers to apply enhanced techniques such as waterboarding on suspected terrorists
how state crime happens
MODERNITY
BAUMAN
features of modern society make crimes possible
division of labour
each person responsible for one task so no one fully responsible
bureaucratisation
normalisation of the act by making it repetetive and routine- dehumanisation
instrumental rationality
rational and efficient methods to achieve a goal regardless of goal itself
science and technology
scientific and technological knowledge to justify means and the motive
SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND OBEDIENCE
KELMAN/HAMILTON
authorisation
acts are approved of by those in power, normal moral principles are replaced by duty to obey
routinisation
turn the act into a routine behaviour so it can be performed in a detached manner
dehumanisation
the victims are portrayed as sub human so normal morality doesn't apply
INTEGRATED THEORY
GREEN AND WARD
theory suggests state crime arises from similar circumstances to those of other crimes e.g. street crime
opportunities, motivation and failure of controls
interaction of these factors generate state crime