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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Coggle Diagram
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Core Cause
Chronic exposure to irritants (smoking, pollutants)
Chronic irritant exposure leads to airway inflammation
Airway inflammation causes structural lung damage
Primary Pathophysiology
Chronic airway inflammation
Mucus hypersecretion
Alveolar wall destruction (emphysema)
Loss of elastic recoil
Inflammation results in airway narrowing
Mucus hypersecretion obstructs airflow
Alveolar destruction reduces gas exchange surface area
Loss of elastic recoil causes air trapping
Pulmonary System Effects
Airflow limitation
Air trapping
Hyperinflation
Impaired ventilation
Airway narrowing leads to airflow limitation
Air trapping results in lung hyperinflation
Hyperinflation increases work of breathing
Gas Exchange Alterations
Hypoventilation
Ventilation–perfusion mismatch
Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia
Impaired ventilation causes hypoventilation
V/Q mismatch leads to hypoxemia
Chronic hypoventilation results in hypercapnia
Cardiovascular Effects
Pulmonary vasoconstriction
Pulmonary hypertension
Right-sided heart strain (cor pulmonale)
Chronic hypoxemia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction
Pulmonary vasoconstriction leads to pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension results in right heart strain
Systemic Effects
Chronic inflammation
Muscle wasting
Weight loss or fatigue
Chronic inflammation contributes to muscle weakness
Increased work of breathing leads to fatigue
Reduced activity tolerance worsens deconditioning
Clinical Manifestations
Chronic cough
Dyspnea on exertion
Wheezing
Increased sputum production
Fatigue
Airflow obstruction manifests as wheezing and dyspnea
Mucus hypersecretion presents as chronic cough
Hypoxemia contributes to fatigue
Treatment Modalities
Smoking cessation
Bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids
Oxygen therapy
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Smoking cessation slows progression of lung damage
Bronchodilators improve airway patency
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation
Oxygen therapy corrects hypoxemia
Pulmonary rehab improves exercise tolerance