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Electricity and Magnetism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Electric charge - the property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field, existing in positive or negative forms, with electrons representing the smallest unit of negative charge and protons the smallest unit of positive charge
      - Electric field - a physical field surrounding charged particles that describes their capacity to exert forces on other charges
    - - Static charge - an imbalance of positive and negative electrical charges on the surface of an object, built up when electrons transfer from one material to another, often through contact and separation
      - Charging by contact
      - How materials affect static charging
      - Charging by induction
        
        Induction - the process where an electric charge or magnetic field influences a nearby object without direct contact, causing a redistribution of charge or the production of an electromotive force
      - Charge Polarization
  - - - Electric Potential Energy
      - Electric Potential
        
        Electric potential - the work (energy) required per unit of electric charge to move a test charge from a reference point (like infinity) to a specific point in an electric field, measured in Volts (Joules per Coulomb)
        
        Volt - the SI unit of electromotive force, defined as the potential difference between two points on a conducting wire carrying a current of one ampere when the power dissipated between the two points is one watt, and equivalent to a difference in potential that would carry one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.
      - Charge Movement
    - - Conductors and insulators
        
        Conductor - a material that allows energy, like electricity or heat, to flow through it easily with low resistance
        
        insulator - a material that strongly resists the flow of energy, such as electricity, heat, or sound, due to its tightly bound electrons or molecular structure that prevents easy energy transfer, unlike conductors
      - Resistance
        
        Resistance - the opposition an object or material presents to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms
        
        Ohms - the SI unit of electrical resistance, measuring how much a material opposes electric current
      - Superconductor
      - Grounding
        
        Grounding - making direct electrical contact with the Earth, allowing the body to absorb its abundant free electrons, which are thought to act as antioxidants, neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation, improve sleep, and calm the nervous system by balancing the body's electrical state
  - - - electric current - the flow of electric charge (like electrons or ions) through a conductor, measured in Amperes (A), representing coulombs of charge passing a point per second
      - Current, Voltage, and Resistance
        
        ampere - the SI base unit of electrical current.
      - Ohm's Law
        
        Ohm's law - current = voltage/resistance
      - Measuring Electricity
    - - electric cell - a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy using two different electrodes (like zinc and copper) immersed in an electrolyte
      - Electrochemical Cells
      - Solar Cell
- - - - circuit - a complete, closed loop or path that allows electric current (flow of electrons) to travel from a power source, through components like wires and a load (e.g., a light bulb), and back to the source, enabling devices to function
      - The parts of a circuit
      - open and closed circuits
    - - Short Circuits
        
        Short circuit - in a device, an electrical circuit of lower resistance than that of a normal circuit, typically resulting from the unintended contact of components and consequent accidental diversion of the current.
      - Grounding a circuit
    - - How fuses work
      - Other safety devices
  - - - Series Circuits
        
        Series circuit - an electrical circuit where components are connected end-to-end, creating a single, continuous path for the electric current to flow
      - Parallel Circuits
        
        Parallel circuits - an electrical setup where components are connected across the same two points, creating multiple pathways for current to flow, ensuring each component receives the full source voltage and operates independently
  - - - electronic - (of a device) having or operating with the aid of many small components, especially microchips and transistors, that control and direct an electric current.
      - Analog to digital
        
        Analog - a method of representing information through a continuously variable physical quantity
    - - computer - an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
      - Integrated Circuits
      - Personal Computers
    - - The Origin of the Internet
      - The Internet today
- - - - magnet - a piece of iron (or an ore, alloy, or other material) that has its component atoms so ordered that the material exhibits properties of magnetism, such as attracting other iron-containing objects or aligning itself in an external magnetic field.
      - Magnetism