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Electricity and Magnetism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Key term: electric charge - a property of matter carried by subatomic particles (like protons and electrons) that causes them to experience forces (attraction/repulsion) in electromagnetic fields.
      - Key term: electric field - the area around an electric charge where another charged object experiences a force.
    - - Key term: static charge - the buildup of electric charges on the surface of an object due to an imbalance of electrons, occurring when electrons are transferred from one material to another, usually by friction, leaving one object with a surplus of negative charge and the other with a deficit (positive charge).
        
        Charging by contact
        
        How materials affect static charging
        
        Charging by induction
        
        Key term: induction - producing an electric current (voltage) in a conductor by moving it through a magnetic field or changing the field around it.
        
        Charge polarization
  - - - Electric potential energy
      - Electric potential
        
        Key term: electric potential - the electric potential energy per unit charge (Joules/Coulomb) at a point in an electric field, representing the work needed to move a test charge from a reference (often infinity) to that point, divided by the charge, and measured in Volts (V).
        
        Key term: volt - the SI unit for electric potential difference or electromotive force, representing the energy (joules) per unit charge (coulomb) that moves between two points.
      - Charge movement
      - Lightning
        
        Charge separation: the process where collisions between ice particles and water droplets in a thunderstorm, driven by strong updrafts and downdrafts, physically separate positive and negative electrical charges, leading to the top of the cloud becoming positive and the base becoming negative, creating a massive electric field that discharges as lightning when the insulation of the air breaks down.
        
        Charge buildup: the accumulation of separated positive and negative electrical charges within storm clouds and between clouds and the ground, caused by collisions between ice particles (triboelectric effect), creating a massive static electricity imbalance that discharges as a powerful electrical spark (lightning) when the air's insulation breaks down.
        
        Static discharge: the sudden, massive release of built-up electrical charge (static electricity) between differently charged areas, typically from a storm cloud to the ground (or another cloud), re-establishing electrostatic balance as a rapid flow of electrons through ionized air, creating a visible spark (the flash) and a shockwave (thunder).
    - - Conductors and insulators
        
        Key term: conductor - a material that readily allows energy (like electricity or heat) or charge to flow through it because its electrons are free to move, offering low resistance
        
        Key term: insulators - a material that resists or prevents the flow of energy, such as electricity, heat, or sound, due to its tightly bound electrons that don't move freely.
      - Resistance
        
        Key term: resistance - the property of a material that determines how easily a charge can move through it.
        
        Key term: ohms - an ohm (Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, defined as the opposition to current flow.
      - Superconductors
      - Grounding
        
        Key term: grounding - providing a harmless, low resistance pass, a ground, for electricity to follow.
  - - - Key term: electric current - the directed flow or movement of electric charge (like electrons or ions) through a conductor, measured as the rate of charge passing a point per second, with the unit being the ampere (A).
        
        Current, Voltage, and Resistance
        
        Key term: ampere - an ampere (A), or amp, is the International System of Units (SI) base unit for measuring electrical current; the rate at which electric charge flows past a point in a circuit.
        
        Ohm's Law
        
        Key term: Ohm's law - Ohm's Law defines the fundamental relationship in electrical circuits: the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across it and inversely proportional to its resistance (R), expressed as the formula V = IR, where resistance (R) is the constant of proportionality, measured in ohms (Ω).
        
        Measuring electricty
    - - Key term: electric cell - an electric cell is a device that converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, generating a voltage between two electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in an electrolyte, powering an external circuit with a continuous electron flow from negative to positive terminals.
        
        Electrochemical cel
        
        Solar cells
- - - - Key term: circuit - an electric circuit is a closed, continuous path or loop through which electric current (electrons) flows, connecting a power source, conductors, and a load to perform work.
        
        Parts of a circuit
        
        Voltage source:
        
        Provides the electrical potential for charge to flow through the circuit.
        
        Conductor
        
        A conductor, such as a wire, forms a connection from the voltage source to the electrical device and back.
        
        Switch
        
        A switch is a part of a circuit designed to break the closed path of charge.
        
        Electrical device
        
        An electrical device is any part of the circuit that changes electrical energy into another form of energy.
        
        Open and closed circuits
    - - Short circuits
        
        Key term: short circuit - a short circuit is an abnormal, low-resistance path connecting two points in an electrical circuit with different potentials (voltages), causing excessive current to flow, bypassing intended components, and potentially leading to overheating, damage, or fire.
        
        Functioning circuit
        
        The charge flows through one wire, through the light bulb, and then back through the second wire to the outlet.
        
        Short circuit
        
        The cord has been damaged and the two wires inside have formed a connection.
      - Grounding a circuit
    - - How fuses work
      - Other safety devices
  - - - Series circuits
        
        Key term: series circuits - a series circuit is an electrical configuration where components connect end-to-end, creating a single path for current to flow sequentially through each device.
      - Parallel circuits
        
        Key term: parallel circuit - a parallel circuit is an electrical arrangement where components connect at common junctions, creating multiple, independent paths for current to flow, ensuring each component receives the same voltage while the total current splits among the branches, adding up to the source current.
  - - - Key term: electronic - a device that uses electric current to represent coded information.
        
        Binary code
        
        Key term: binary code - a coding system consisting of two choices.
        
        Digital information
        
        Key term: digital - information that is represented as numbers, or digits.
        
        Analog to digital
        
        Key term: analog - information that is represented in a continuous but varying form.
    - - Key term: computer - an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
        
        Integrated circuits
        
        Personal computers
    - - The origin of the internet
      - The internet today
- - - - Key term: magnet - an object that attracts certain other materials, particularly iron and steel.