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Electricity and Magnetism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Electric Charge: is a fundamental property of matter, carried by subatomic particles
      - Electric Field: is a region around charged particles where other charged objects experience a force, defined as the electric force per unit of positive charge
    - - Static Charge: is an imbalance of positive and negative electrical charges on the surface of a material
      - Charging by Contact
      - How Materials Afferct Static Charging
      - Charging by Induction
        
        Induction: refers to generating an effect in one object due to the proximity or influence of another, without direct contact,
      - Charge Polarization
  - - - Electric current: is the rate of flow of electric charge through a surface
      - Current, Voltage, and Resistance
        
        Ampere (A): is the SI base unit for electric current, representing the rate of flow of electrical charge, defined as one coulomb of charge passing a point per second ((1A=1C/s)0
      - Ohm's Law
        
        Ohm's law: is defines the direct proportionality between voltage ((V)) across a conductor and the current ((I)) flowing through it, inversely proportional to its resistance ((R)), expressed mathematically as (V=IR) (Voltage = Current × Resistance).
      - Measuring Electricity
    - - Electric cell: cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy via electrochemical reactions
      - Electrochemical Cells
      - Solar Cells
  - - - Electric Potential Energy
      - Electric Potential
        
        Electric Potential: (V) is the electric potential energy per unit of electric charge at a specific point in an electric field, representing the work needed to move a positive test charge from a reference point (like infinity or Earth) to that point.
        
        Volt (V): is the SI unit for electric potential, potential difference, or electromotive force, representing the energy per unit charge
      - Charge Movement
      - Lightning
        
        Charge separation: is the crucial process where positive and negative electrical charges build up in different regions of a cloud (positive at the top, negative at the bottom) due to collisions between ice particles, creating a powerful electric field that, when it overcomes the air's insulation, results in a lightning discharge.
        
        Charge Buildup: occurs in storm clouds as ice/water particles collide, separating positive (lighter, top) and negative (heavier, bottom) charges, creating a huge electrical imbalance that the insulating air can't hold, forcing a rapid discharge (the flash) to equalize charges, often between cloud layers or from cloud to ground, where positive charge pools on the ground. This
        
        Discharge of static electricity, occurring when electrical charges build up in storm clouds due to collisions of ice and water particles, creating a separation of positive (top) and negative (bottom) charges, which eventually spark to neutralize as a bolt of lightning when the electrical potential difference becomes too great. This
    - - Conductors and Insulators
        
        Conductor: is a material that allows electric charge (current) or heat to flow easily through it
        
        Insulator: is a material that strongly resists the flow of electric current or heat,
      - Resistance
        
        Resistance: is the opposition a material offers to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
        
        Ohm (Ω): is the SI unit of electrical resistance, measuring a material's opposition to electric current, defined as one volt of potential difference per one ampere of current ((R=V/I))
      - Superconductor
      - Grounding
        
        Grounding: is connecting an electrical system or object to the Earth (or a large conductor) to provide a safe path for excess electric charge to dissipate.
- - - - Circuit: is a closed loop or path through which electric current (flow of charge) travels
      - The Parts of a Circuit
        
        2 Conductor
        
        3 Switch
        
        1 Voltage Source
        
        4 Electrical Device
        
        Resistor: is a passive electrical component designed to oppose the flow of electric current
      - Open and Closed Circuits
    - - Short Circuits
        
        Short Circuits: is an abnormal, low-resistance connection in an electrical circuit, creating a shortcut for current that bypasses the intended load, leading to a sudden, massive increase in current, excessive heat, component damage, and potential fire. Electricity
        
        1 Functioning Circuits
        
        2 Short Circuits
      - Grounding a Curcuit
    - - How Fuses Work
      - Other Safety Devices
  - - - Series Circuits
        
        Series Circuits: is an electrical circuit where components are connected end-to-end in a single
      - Parallel Circuits
        
        Parallel Circuits