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Andrea Hernandez Period 3 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Andrea Hernandez Period 3 Cardiovascular System
Major Components & Functions of Blood
regulation: maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
protection: preventing blood loss & preventing infection
transport: delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
composition of blood
matrix is nonliving fluid called plasma
cells are living blood cells called formed elements
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets: fragments of larger megakaryocyte that form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is RBCs
blood plasma: 90% water & over 100 dissolved solutes
leukocytes: the only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles
agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes,monocytes)
leukocytosis: increase in production of WBC, a normal response to infection
granulocytes: contain visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils)
leukopoiesis: production of interleukins and colony-stimulting facors
erythrocytes: RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport, and hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
hematopoiesis: formation of all blood cells
occurs in red bone marrow
life span: 100-120 days
RBCs are anucleate, so cannot synthesize new proteins, or grow or divide
disorders
anemia/polycthemia: three groups bases on cause of blood loss, not enough RBC'S produced, and too many RBC's being destroyed
hemostatsis: fast series of reactions of stoppage of bleeding
step 1: vascular spasm
step 2: platelet plug formation
step 3: coagulation
disorders of hemostasis
thromboembolic disorders: result in undesirable clot formation
bleeding disorders:abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
Major Blood Vessels
inferior vena cava : returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium
superior vena cava : returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs to the right atrium.
pulmonary veins: return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
pulmonary trunk/arteries: carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
aorta:largest artery, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
Anatomy of Heart
inferior vena cava: returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins
trabeculae carneae: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity
interventricular septum: separates ventricles
interatrial septum: separates artia
apex: points towards left hip
base: lead toward right shoulder
superior vena cava: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
left ventricle: pumps blood through systemic circuit
right ventricle: pumps blood returning from pulmonary circuit
left atrium: receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
right atrium: receives blood returning from systemic circuit
chordae tendineae: strings attached to heart valves
tricuspid valve: made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
mitral valve/ bicuspid valve: made up of two cusps and lies
between left atria and ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta
coronary circulation: functional blood supply to heart muscle itself
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
cerebrovascular accident (stroke): blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
endocarditis & myocarditis: inflammation of the heart
peripheral artery disease: Artie's narrow and reduce blood flow to extradites
congenital heart disease: issue with heart structure or/and function present from brain
myocardial infarction: blood flow to part of the heart is blocked (heart attack)
ABO/ RH Blood Types
B
antigens: B
antibodies: anti-A
A
antigens:A
antibodies: anti-B
AB
antigens:A & B
antibodies: none
O
antigens: none
antibodies:anti-a & anti-b
Vital Signs
sympathetic venoconstriction: under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood back toward heart; valves prevent backflow
diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature
Major Functions of Cardiovascular System
transport oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells
removing waste products
protection against infection
regulating of body temperature
blood pressure regulation
Blood Flow
deoxgenated blood enters the superior/inferior vena cava
enters the right artium
passes through the tricuspid valve
enters the right ventricle
enters the pulmonary semilunar valve
enters the pulmonary arteries
leading to the lungs where it picks up O2
oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins
goes into left artium
passes through the bicuspid/mitral valve
enters through left ventricle
passes through the aortic semilunar valve
then it goes to the aorta
then it goes to the body
then it releases O2
Cardiac Cycle & the ECG
qrs complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
t wave: ventricular repolarization
p wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
p-r interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His): only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
s-t segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
subendocardial conduction network (purkinje fibers): complete pathways through interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls
right and left branches: two pathways in inventricular septum
atrioventricular node: inerfoir interatrial septum
sinoatrial node: pacemaker of heart in right artial wall
q-t interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
diastole: period of heart relaxation
systole: period of heart contraction
Layers of Heart
parietal layer: lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
visceral layer: on the external surface of the heart
pericardium: double walled sac that surrounds heart = two layers
two layers separated by fluid fill pericardial cavity
endocardium: innermost layer
epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
myocardium: spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cell
Structural & Functional Differences of Blood Vessels & Capillaries
arteries
elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen
muscular arteries: deliver blood to body organs
arterioles: smallest of all arteries & control flow into capillary beds
esistance arteries because changing diameters change resistance to blood flow
lead to capillary beds
capillaries
functions: exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
diameters so small only single RBC can pass through at a time
vein: carry blood toward the heart
venous valves & venous sinuses
formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins