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Serotonin Syndrome - Coggle Diagram
Serotonin Syndrome
Management
Immediate actions
Discontinue serotonergic agents
Supportive care
Symptom control
Benzodiazepines (first line)
IV fluids
External cooling
Serotonin antagonism
Cyproheptadine (5-HT2A antagonist)
Severe cases
Intubation
Neuromuscular paralysis
ICU admission
Future Directions
Diagnostic biomarkers
Improved pharmacovigilance
Increased clinician awareness
Receptor-specific therapeutic targets
Prevention
Avoid high-risk drug combinations
Careful dose titration
Medication reconciliation
Patient education
Clinical Features (Triad)
Neuromuscular hyperactivity
Hyperreflexia
Clonus (inducible, spontaneous, ocular)
Tremor
Myoclonus
Autonomic instability
Hyperthermia
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Diarrhea
Altered mental status
Agitation
Anxiety
Confusion
Delirium
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis
No definitive laboratory test
Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria
Most specific diagnostic tool
Differential diagnosis
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
Anticholinergic toxicity
Malignant hyperthermia
CNS infection
Etiology & Risk Factors
Serotonergic excess
Drug interactions
SSRI/SNRI + MAOI
SSRI/SNRI + Triptans
Polypharmacy
Overdose
Rapid dose escalation
Vulnerable populations
Elderly
Renal or hepatic impairment
Prognosis
Rapid improvement with treatment
Severe or untreated cases
Renal failure
Metabolic acidosis
Rhabdomyolysis
Pathophysiology
↑ Synaptic serotonin (5-HT)
Receptor overactivation
5-HT1A
5-HT2A
Central nervous system effects
Altered mental status
Peripheral nervous system effects
Neuromuscular hyperactivity
Autonomic dysregulation