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Biology Paper 2, Key, Still B5, Increase, Decrease - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Temperature
        
        Thermoregulation
      - Glucose (sugar)
      - pH
      - Water
  - - - Normal Temperature 37°C
        
        Receptors
        Skin Cells
        Brain
        
        Effectors
        Sweat Glands
        Vasodilation
        
        Normal Temperature 37°C
        
        Receptors
        Skin Cells
        Brain
        
        Effectors
        Circular Muscles
        leading to skin capillaries
        Hair erector muscles
    - - Thermoregulatory centre
      - The bit in the brain that controls temperature
    - - Air trapped by hair
      - Air insulates body from heat
      - Reduces heat loss
      - Blood vessels are constricted
        
        Less blood going to surface of skin
        
        Less blood through skin capillaries
        
        Reduces heat loss
        
        Vasoconstriction
      - Shivering muscles
        
        Releases energy
        
        Contract and relax quickly
        
        Exothermic
        
        Increased rate of respiration
    - - Thermal Energy radiates away
        
        Less air between hairs
      - More heat loss
      - Sweating
        
        Energy for evaporation of sweat taken from blood
        
        Cooled Blood
        
        Produced by sweat gland (in skin)
      - relaxed circular muscles
        
        More blood to skin surface
      - Dilated blood vessels
        
        Vasodialation
  - - - Pituitary Gland
      - Thyroid Gland
      - Testicles(male)
      - Ovaries(female)
      - Adrenal Gland
      - Pancreas
    - - Chemical Messengers
      - Transported by the bloodstream
      - To bring about changes in target cells
      - Secreted by endocrine glands
      - Receptor proteins can bind to specific hormones
      - Insulin
        
        Glucose enters cells
        
        Triggers storage response
        
        in liver and muscle cells
        
        Glucose
        
        Insulin
        
        Glycogen
        
        (storage carbohydrate)
        
        High blood glucose
        
        Insulin in all body cells:
        
        1.
        
        Absorb Glucose (from blood)
        
        Glucose used for respiration
        
        Blood glucose decreases negative feedback
        
        2.
        
        Glucose enters liver cells
        
        build up glycogen (storage carbohydrate)
        
        Insulin lets glucose into cells
        
        Like a key
        
        By making the cells more permeable
        
        Easier for stuff to get inside
        
        If there is no insulin
        
        Blood glucose levels rise
        
        The glucose can't get into the cell
        
        So it stays in the blood
        
        Blood Glucose Levels monitored in the pancreas
        
        If blood glucose levels fall to low
        
        Secretes Glucagon
  - - - Fallopian Tube (oviduct)
      - Uterus
      - Uterus Lining
      - Cervix
      - Ovaries (Endocrine Gland)
      - Vagina
    - - 1-5 Days
        
        Menstruation
        
        Breaking down of uterus lining
      - 5-12 Days
        
        Lining Builds Up
      - 13-15 Days (2 weeks)
        
        Ovulation
        
        Release of a mature egg from an ovary
      - 16-28 Days
        
        Lining Remains Thick
    - - Menstrual Cycle Begins when uterus lining is shed
        
        Menstruation
      - From Day 1 the Pituitary gland releases FSH
        
        FSH which causes an egg to mature inside an ovarian follicle
      - FSH stimulates the release of oestrogen
      - Oestrogen Causes the uterus lining to repair and build up
      - Oestrogen inhibits **FSH production and stimulates LH** production
      - LH is released form the Pituitary gland which causes the follicle to release its mature egg half way through the cycle (day 14)-Ovulation
      - The empty follicle in the ovary releases progesterone which maintains the uterus lining
      - Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH production** to stop another egg maturing and being releaseed
      - If the egg is not yet fertilised the empty follicle breaks down so progesterone levels fall and the uterus lining breaks down
      - FSH production is no longer inhibited so the cycle restarts
      - The 4 hormones involved in the Menstrual Cycle
        
        Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)
        
        Stimulates the Ovaries to produce Oestrogen
        
        Causes egg to mature
        
        Lutenising hormone (LH)
        
        Stimulates production of progesterone
        
        Oestrogen
        
        Secreted by ovaries-target pitruitry gland & uterus
        
        Stimulates production of LH
        
        Progesterone
        
        Secreted by ovaries - target pituitary gland & uterus
        
        Inhibits production of LH and FSH
  - - - Medulla
        
        unconscious activities
        
        Breathing, heart rate
      - Cerebral Cortex
        
        Consciousness
        
        Intelligence
        
        Memory and Language
      - Cerebellum
        
        Muscle coordination
      - Pituitary Gland
        
        Produces hormones
        
        'Master Gland'
      - Hypothalamus
        
        Thermoregulation
    - - ciliary muscle
      - lense
      - suspensory ligament
      - retna
      - optic nerve
      - cornea
      - iris
      - pupil
      - sclera
      - Distant Objects
        
        Less refraction of light
        
        ciliary muscle relax
        
        lens pulled tight
        
        suspensory ligaments pulled tight
      - Near Objects
        
        ciliary muscles contracted
        
        suspensory ligament loose
        
        lens rounder
        
        light focused on retna
- - - - volume of blood leaving the heart in each beat
  - - - to allow increased respiratory rate
      - adrenaline also dilates blood vessels
        
        supplying the muscles
- - - - removed by the kidneys
  - - - Urea
  - - - Kidney contains about 1 million microscopic filters called nephrons
      - Ultrafiltration
        
        Blood is filtered under high pressure
        
        Filtered by size
        
        Red blood cells and Large Plasma Proteins are NOT filtered
        
        Urea, Water, Ions, amino acids and glucose ARE filtered
      - Selective Reabsorption
        
        Useful substances moved back into blood
        
        Substances not reabsorbed into blood become u
        
        How they are reabsorbed
        
        (ALL) Glucose and Amino acids
        
        Active transport
        
        (SOME) water and ions are reabsorbed
        
        Osmosis
    - - Anti-Diuretic-Hormone
      - Anti-Wee-Wee-Hormone
      - Secreted from the Pituitary Gland
      - Affects the permeability of the kidney tubules
        
        Affecting how much water is reabsorbed into the blood
      - Water content of the blood is monitored by receptors in the brain
        
        When Blood Concentration is High (Less water)
        
        Secretes ADH
        
        When Blood Concentration is Low (More water)
        
        Inhibit ADH
      - ADH makes kidney tubules more permeable, so more water is reabsorbed into the blood. ADH is secreted when Blood Concentration is higher. So when ADH is secreted more water is reabsorbed into the blood
      - Example (to understand easier)
        
        Volume of Urine is HIGHER
        
        Concentration of Urine is LOWER
        
        Presence of ADH & Reabsorption of water: ADH Absence
        
        Effect on blood: Dilute --> Concentrated Blood
  - - - Separates particles of different sizes by passing liquid through a partially permeable membrane
      - Disadvantages
        
        Controlled Diet needed
        
        Risk of infection at dialysis site
        
        Inconvenience of hospital visits every 2/3 days
        
        Up to 12 hours so very disruptive
        
        Cost to maintain dialysis (cheaper to have a transplant)
    - - When a patient gets a new kidney
        
        Has to be from a healthy donor
      - Disadvantages
        
        Is permanent
        
        Major operation
        
        May be rejected
        
        Kidney lasts about 8 years
        
        Long-term medication needed
        
        Initial high cost of operation
        
        Long wait time
      - Advantages
        
        More normal Lifestyle
        
        Easier management
    - - Dialysis is short term, expensive, inconvienient
      - Transplant is long term, could be rejected results in more normal lifestyle
- - - - Thyroid stimulating hormone
- - - - Phototropism
        
        Growth response to light
      - Hydrotropism
        
        Growth response to water
      - Gravitropism
        
        Growth response to gravity