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Clinical Models of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction - Coggle Diagram
Clinical Models of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Damage to the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
Core Concept
Failure of central hormonal regulation
Target gland hormone production may be intact, but regulatory control is impaired
Clinical Examples
Hypopituitarism
Secondary endocrine disorders
Clinical Manifestations
Multiple hormone deficiencies
Fatigue and weakness
Growth and reproductive dysfunction
Impaired stress response
Diagnostic Criteria
Low target gland hormones with low or inappropriately normal
pituitary hormones
Imaging of hypothalamus or pituitary
Stimulation testing
Treatment Modalities
Hormone replacement therapy
Treatment of underlying cause such as tumor, trauma, or inflammation
Links to Other Branches
→ Damage to Endocrine Glands
→ Altered Feedback Mechanisms
Altered Feedback Mechanisms
Core Concept
Failure of negative feedback regulation
Hormone overproduction or suppression persists
Clinical Examples
Cushing syndrome
Thyroid disorders
Chronic stress response
Clinical Manifestations
Persistent hormone dysregulation
Persistent hormone dysregulation
Multi system effects that worsen over time
Diagnostic Criteria
Abnormal suppression or stimulation test results
Disrupted feedback loop patterns
Treatment Modalities
Correction of feedback source
Pharmacologic suppression
Surgical or radiation therapy when indicated
Links to Other Branches
→ Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
→ Endocrine Gland Dysfunction
Damage to Endocrine Glands
Core Concept
Primary gland dysfunction
Hormone production is directly increased or decreased
Clinical Examples
Addison disease
Cushing syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Symptoms of hormone excess or deficiency
Metabolic slowing or acceleration
Electrolyte imbalances
Diagnostic Criteria
Abnormal target gland hormone levels
Elevated or suppressed pituitary hormone levels
Autoimmune markers may be present
Treatment Modalities
Hormone replacement or hormone suppression
Medication therapy
Surgical removal when indicated
Links to Other Branches
→ Altered Hormone Secretion
→ Altered Metabolism and Elimination
Damage to Hormone Receptors
Core Concept
Hormone levels are normal or elevated
Target tissues are unable to respond appropriately
Hormone levels may be normal or elevated, but target tissues fail to respond appropriately
Clinical Examples
Insulin resistance
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Signs of hormone deficiency despite normal hormone levels
Poor metabolic response
Persistent symptoms
Diagnostic Criteria
Normal or elevated hormone levels
Clinical findings inconsistent with laboratory values
Genetic or receptor testing when available
Treatment Modalities
Higher hormone doses
Targeting downstream pathways
Management of contributing metabolic factors
Links to Other Branches
→ Altered Hormone Action
→ Altered Feedback Mechanisms