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Cell Structure and Organisation, Functions: -Synthesise proteins that are…
Cell Structure and Organisation
Organelles
Only viewed under
Electron
microscope
Mitochondria
Features:
-Small sausage-shaped
-Has
double
membrane
Functions:
-Site of aerobic respiration
-Oxidise food to
release energy
for cellular activities
Keywords:
-Oxidise food to release energy
-Aerobic respiration
Golgi Body
Features:
-Stack of flattened spaces surrounded by membranes
-Vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi body and pinch off the opposite side
Functions:
-Chemically modifies substances made by ER
-Stores and packages these substances in Vesicles for secretion out of the cell
-Collect and sort molecules
Keywords:
-Modifies
-Stores and packages
-Vesicles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Features:
-Network of flattened spaces lined with a membrane
-Appears rough under microscope
-Ribosomes attached to its outer surface
-Continuous with the nuclear membrane
Functions:
-Transports proteins made by the ribosomes to the Golgi body
Keywords:
-Transports ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Features:
-DOES NOT have ribosomes attached to it
-More tubular than RER
Functions:
-Synthesises substances (fats and steroids)
-Involved in detoxification (converts harmful substances to harmless substances)
Keywords
-Synthesise substances
-Detoxification
-NO ribosomes
Ribosomes
Features:
-Attached to RER
Features:
-lie freely in the cytoplasm
Functions:
-Synthesise proteins to be transported out of the cell
Keywords:
-Make proteins
-To be transported out
-To be used within cell
Cell Vacuoles
Features:
-Enclosed by a partially permeable membrane
Functions:
-Stores substances within a cell (Cell sap/ water and food substances)
Keywords
-large central vacuole
-many small temporary vacuoles
-
Plants
cells have a large central vacuole
-
Animal
cells have many small (usually) temporary vacuoles
Nucleus
Features:
-Surrounded by nuclear membrane
-Contains chromosomes
-
Chromosomes
contain protein + deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-When cell is dividing, chromosomes condense and shorten to become thick, rod-shaped structures
Functions:
-Controls cell activities (cell growth and repair of worn-out parts)
-Essential for cell division as it contains genetic material
Keywords
-Controls cell activities
-Chromosomes
-Cell division
Only found in plants
Cell Wall
Features:
-Made of cellulose
-Fully permeable
Function:
-Protects the cell from injury
-Gives cell a fixed shape
Keywords
-Fixed shape
-Protection
-Fully permeable
Chloroplasts
Features:
-Oval structure
-Contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
Functions:
-Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis (to make food)
Keywords
-Chlorophyll
-Photosynthesis
Cytoplasm
Features:
-Jelly-like
-Contains organelles
-Between cell membrane and nucleus
Function:
-Most cell activities occur
Keywords
-Jelly-like
-most cell activities occur
Cell Membrane
Features
-Made of lipids and proteins
-Partially permeable
Function:
-Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
Keywords
-Partially permeable
Control movement of substances in and out of cell
Differenciation
(Specialised Cells)
Red blood cell
Adaptation:
-Contains haemoglobin
Function:
-Binds to oxygen and transports it around the body
Adaptation:
-Has circular, biconcave shape
Function:
-Increases surface area-to-volume ratio (so that oxygen can diffuse in and out at a higher rate)
Adaptation:
-Lacks a nucleus
Function:
-Store more haemoglobin for transport of oxygen
Adaptation:
-Is flexible
Function:
-squeeze through capillaries easily
Muscle cell
Adaptation:
-Has many contractile fibres
Function:
-To contract and relax for movement
Adaptation:
-Has many nuclei
Function:
-For cell division
Adaptation:
-Contains many mitochondria
Function:
-To provide energy (eg. for contraction of muscle)
Root hair cell
Adaptation:
-Has a long narrow root hair
Function:
-Increase surface area-to-volume ratio to absorb more water and mineral salts at a higher rate
Adaptation:
-Maintains lower water potential in vacuole
Function:
-Allow water to enter the root hair cell via osmosis
Functions:
-Synthesise proteins that are used within the cytoplasm of that cell