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attachment, Social identity theory, Realistic Conflict theory,…
attachment
Internal working model
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a cognitive framework made up of representations for understanding the world, self, and others
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develop beliefs about yourself, your caregivers and relationships. If caregiver always response -> you worth to be care
no response -> I don't deserve attention
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Social identity theory
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Definition
Social identity theory primarily explains how individuals define themselves based on their membership in a group (such as nationality, religion, or social class).
People enhance their self-esteem by identifying with their in-group and differentiating themselves from their out-group.
This can lead to group bias, prejudice, and stereotypes, as people tend to favor those who belong to their own group.
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Process and Stages
Social categorization is the first step, where people mentally divide the social world into in-groups (“us”) and out-groups (“them”).
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Social identification occurs when individuals adopt the identity, values, and norms of their in-group.
As a result, people emotionally invest in their group and see the group’s success as their own success.
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People are motivated to see their in-group as better, leading to in-group favoritism and sometimes out-group discrimination.
Importantly, these processes can occur even without real competition or conflict.
Examples
Supporters of a party view their candidates as principled and the opposition's as corrupt, often based on identical behaviors.
Citizens feel pride when their country wins at the Olympics and may downplay the achievements of rival nations.
Students feel pride when their class got a better average grade in a test and may brag about this achievement in front of other classes
Statements
a person could have many social identities, not just one
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Social categorization
Social categorization is the process of classifying people based on similar characteristics, whether nationality, age, occupation or some other trait.
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positive distinctiveness
finally, we seek to achieve positive self-esteem by positively comparing our in-group to an out-group on some valued dimension to achieve positive distinctiveness
social comparison
after identifying one's in-group, individuals then engage in social comparison
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