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Introduction, Burning Times/Myth of Matriarchal Pre-Histories, FWC…
Introduction
Research Terms, Questions, and Objectives
Research Questions
How was New Age culture, witchcraft, and occultism intertwined with radical and lesbian-feminisms and the US Women's Liberation Movement?
What types of queer and feminist politics, standpoints, and knowledges have come through these communities and/or these examples?
What do we learn about feminist genealogies and chronologies through these examples?
Research Objectives
Theoretical Framework
Crowley
METATHEORIES OF THE WLM, RADICAL FEMINISM, AND
LESBIAN-FEMINISM
METHODS
AND DATA COLLECTION
methods
Why texts?
pagan/esoteric studies
Samer - re cultural feminism
queer and feminist approaches to the archive
data collection
archival research
personal experiences as "literature review" through experience
California
lgbtq and feminist histories
Hale, Amy. n.d. White Men Can’t Dance: Evaluating Race, Class and Rationality in Ethnographies of the Esoteric. Accessed August 5, 2024.
https://www.academia.edu/1160674/White_Men_Can_t_Dance_Evaluating_Race_Class_and_Rationality_in_Ethnographies_of_the_Esoteric
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project overview
Burning Times/Myth of Matriarchal Pre-Histories
Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Deirdre English. Witches, Midwives, & Nurses: A History of Women Healers
Hutton, Ronald. “Chapter 18: Uncle Sam and the Goddess.”
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/allergicpagan/2015/09/04/believing-in-our-myths-without-believing-them/
https://ia903204.us.archive.org/8/items/ArthurEvansWitchcraftAndTheGayCounterculture/Arthur%20Evans%20-%20Witchcraft%20and%20the%20Gay%20Counterculture.pdf
Federici, Silvia. 2004. Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation.
Magliocco
Zwissler - Witches Tears
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5WjfdZbH_M
Zwissler, Laurel. 2016. “In Memorium Maleficarum: Feminist and Pagan Mobilizations of the Burning Times.”
Dashú, Max. 2005. “Knocking Down Straw Dolls: A Critique of Cynthia Eller’s The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory.” Feminist Theology 13 (2): 185–216.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0966735005051947
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Goddess Remembered.
Eller, Cynthia. 1991. “Relativizing the Patriarchy: The Sacred History of the Feminist Spirituality Movement.
Young, Katherine. 2011. Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man
https://medium.com/@amymariestewart/from-hysteria-to-parkinsons-part-ii-demonic-possession-faith-healing-witches-in-contemporary-1373b0413c26
FWC Ethnographies
Rountree, Kathryn. Embracing the Witch and the Goddess: Feminist Ritual-Makers in New Zealand
Rountree, Kathryn. “The New Witch of the West: Feminists Reclaim the Crone.”
__Cusack, Carole M. 2009. “The Return of the Goddess: Mythology, Witchcraft and Feminist Spirituality
Griffin, Wendy. 1995. “The Embodied Goddess: Feminist Witchcraft and Female Divinity.
Coleman, Kristy S. 2009. Re-Riting Woman: Dianic Wicca and the Feminine Divine.
Salomonsen, Jone. 2002. Enchanted Feminism:
Playing at the queer edges
Greenwood, Susan. “Feminist Witchcraft: A Transformatory Politics.
Foltz, Tanice G. 2000. “Women’s Spirituality Research: Doing Feminism.”
FWC and essentiaisms
race and gender
Kathryn Rountree. “THE POLITICS OF THE GODDESS: Feminist Spirituality and the Essentialism Debate.“
Griffin, Wendy. “The Embodied Goddess: Feminist Witchcraft and Female Divinity.” Sociology of Religion Sociology of Religion 56, no. 1 (1995).
Klassen, Chris. “The Goddess and/as the Cyborg: Nature and Technology in Feminist Witchcraft.” The Pomegranate The Pomegranate 7, no. 2 (2005): 173–93.
Moravec, Michelle. n.d. Performing Prehistory: ‘Would You Rather Be a Goddess or a Cyborg?’ 12.
_Cynthia Eller. 2000. “Divine Objectification: The Representation of Goddesses and Women in Feminist Spirituality.”
Klassen, Chris. Storied Selves: Shaping Identity in Feminist Witchcraft. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2008. - essentialism - p. 3, 18, 27, 28, 29, 66-67, 81, 84-85, 86-87, 89, 117.
Mueller, Michelle. “The Chalice and the Rainbow: Conflicts Between Women’s Spirituality and Transgender Rights in US Wicca in the 2010s.
Klassen, Chris. “The Colonial Mythology of Feminist Witchcraft.”
Donaldson, Laura E. 1999. “On Medicine Women and White Shame-Ans: New Age Native Americanism and Commodity Fetishism as Pop Culture Feminism.”
????? Can I collate comments re: race from other sources re: FWC?
Crowley, Karlyn. Feminism’s New Age: Gender, Appropriation, and the Afterlife of Essentialism
Maya, Kavita. n.d. The Emergence of Contemporary Western Goddess Spirituality: Feminism, Romanticism, and the Enlightenment.
Maya, Kavita. n.d. Engendering Difference: The (Post)Colonial Politics of Goddess Spirituality.
Maya, Kavita. “Arachne’s Voice: Race, Gender and the Goddess:
2A Radical Feminism
2B Lesbian Feminism
2001- Garber, Linda. Identity Poetics: Race, Class, and the Lesbian-Feminist Roots of Queer Theory. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
2006 - Stein, Arlene. “Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism.” In Shameless: Sexual Dissidence in American Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2006.
lesbian feminism as strategic identity category / created collective identity
Rudy, Kathy. “Radical Feminism, Lesbian Separatism, and Queer Theory.” Feminist Studies 27, no. 1 (2001): 191–222.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3178457
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“Any name I use to represent the kind of feminism that dominated many communities in thelate 1970sand 1980s will be unsatisfactory. To call these communities essentailist is to impose on that time a theory configured largely in the 1990s; to call them lesbian feminists or lesbian separatists focuses too deeply on sexual preference when most believed that the underlying poltiical committment was to feminism (and many understood themselves as bisexual or asexual); to call them cultural feminists -a term employed by Alice Echols to signal what she believes is the depoliticization of 1960’s feminism (a thesis which I will investigate further below)-seems to close off the possibility that in their own ways, these communities did participate in some form of political involvement. I am settling, therefore, for the term “radical feminism.” (Rudy 193).
“Radical feminism,” “essentialism,” “woman-identified-woman,” “lesbian-separatism,” “cultural feminism” - these are all terms that share borders around the territory of a similar set of lived political experiences.” (192)
2015 - Del Rio, Chelsea. “Voicing Gay Women’s Liberation: Judy Grahn and the Shaping of Lesbian Feminism.” Journal of Lesbian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 357–66.
2016- “That Women Could Matter”: Building Lesbian Feminism in California, 1955-1982 By Chelsea Nicole Del Rio
Samek, Alyssa A. “Pivoting Between Identity Politics and Coalitional Relationships: Lesbian-Feminist Resistance to the Woman-Identified Woman.” Women’s Studies in Communication, vol. 38, no. 4, Oct. 2015, pp. 393–420. Taylor and Francis+NEJM,
https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2015.1085938
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Elise Chenier - GLBTQ Encyclopedia 0 2015
Faderman, Professor Lillian. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. Illustrated edition, Columbia University Press, 2012.
https://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/lesbians-20th-century/lesbian-feminism#:~:text=During%20the%20seventies%2C%20lesbians%20began,of%20political%20and%20social%20communities
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What is lesbian-feminism?
"woman identification"
Transphobia?
Cultural Feminism as Producing Womens Culture
"the witch" and "feminist spirituality" in radical and lesbian-feminist 'politics'
Mary Daly Stage 1
W.I.T.C.H.
essentialism?
Cultural Feminism as "Woman-centered"
Echols, Alice 2019. Daring to Be Bad Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975
Crow, Barbara - Radical Feminism Reader
Willis - Radical Feminism Feminist Radicalism
Alternative Ways of Living
Ahmed
https://feministkilljoys.com/2015/02/26/living-a-lesbian-life/
Morris, Bonnie J. 1999. Eden Built by Eves: The Culture of Women’s Music Festivals. 1st ed. Alyson Books.
Ahmed, Sarah. “Chapter 9: Lesbian Feminism.” In Living a Feminist Life. Duke University Press, 2016.
Taylor, Verta, and Leila J. Rupp. “Women’s Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 19, no. 1 (October 1, 1993): 32–61.
https://doi.org/10.1086/494861
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Valk, Anne M. “Living a Feminist Lifestyle: The Intersection of Theory and Action in a Lesbian Feminist Collective.” Feminist Studies 28, no. 2 (2002): 303–32.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3178744
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Clay, Andreana. 2015. “Intergenerational Yearnings and Other ‘Acts of Perversion’: Or Where Would I Be Without Lesbian Drumming?” Journal of Lesbian Studies 19 (3): 384–99.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2015.1026709
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Alternatives: Lesbian Feminist Cultural Production
Enszer, Julie R. “THE WHOLE NAKED TRUTH OF OUR LIVES: LESBIAN-FEMINIST PRINT CULTURE FROM 1969 THROUGH 1989,” 2013.
http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/14038
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McKinney, Cait. Information Activism: A Queer History of Lesbian Media Technologies. Duke University Press, 2020.
Samer, Rox. Lesbian Potentiality and Feminist Media in the 1970s. Durham, 2022
Dolan, Jill. 2012. “Feeling Women’s Culture.” The Feminist Spectator, April 26.
https://feministspectator.princeton.edu/lectures-2/feeling-womens-culture/
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✅ 1A US Women's Liberation Movement
(532 wds)
Moment in Feminist activism c. "the second wave"
Remembered with a complicated love and a desire to progress in feminist politics
Using the term Women's Liberation opens up ways of thinking about feminist movements timelines and what constitutes feminist activisms , making space for feminist spirituality
matriarchy and gynocentrism (other ways of knowing/being)
“Pre-patriarchal female/goddess images.” (1976) in Of Woman Born: Adrienne Rich.
Gould Davis, Elizabeth. 1971: The First Sex,
Feminist Publishers
Persephone
Womanspirit Magazine
The Woman's Building
/Heresies Great Goddess Issue
the witch and other abject femininities (misogyny)
Kosmina, Brydie. 2023. Feminist Afterlives of the Witch: Popular Culture, Memory, Activism.
Sempruch, Justyna. 2004. “Feminist Constructions of the Witch as Fantasmatic Other
Purkiss, Diane. 1996. The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations.
1.B The Feminist Spirituality Movement in North America (578 wds) - feels weird for this to be so short? do I need to add more details from
"The Feminist Spirituality Movement in North America" 1983-1993 sociological study whigh highlights some history, but really documents what is the height of the movement's popularity
What is feminist spirituality? women's spirituality? the goddess movement? feminist goddess worship?
Multifaith, centered around the goddess - drawing inspo from Judaism, Chrisitianity, Secular Feminism, New Age, NeoPaganism etc.
Radical and lesbian-feminists were central to the feminist spiritauity movement
examples in Spretnak that link right to my lit review on radical feminism / lesbian feminism are Robin Morgan, Mary Daly, and Judy Grahn
Crowley -- overlooked area = goddess worship, witchcraft and "radical and lesbian-feminisms"
Spretnak, Charlene. 1981. The Politics of Women’s Spirituality
Feminist Bookstores
Mama Bears
Mary Daly Stage 2
Adrienne Rich - Of Woman Born
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New Age 1138 wds if I exclude the section on the new age/neo-paganism (make it a part of the NP section)
New Age as a catch all for "non-traditional" spiritualities with the goal of personal and often social transformation
New Age is first thought of as a consumer culture movement by religious studies scholars, and there is a gendered element to this.
There is also a history of women's leadership and participation in New Age culture : Crowley more precisely frames this as a persistent “history of white women’s participation in alternative religions, from nineteenth century Spiritualism to twenty-first century New Age Religions” (Crowley 17).
I think of New Age through the framework of Western Esotercism - because it validates spiritual and magickal experiences, validates them through histories of philosophy, science, and religion
3A Feminist Witchcraft -
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. n.d. Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism
Radical and Lesbian-Feminism as the origins of FWC and goddessworship
Hutton, Ronald. “Chapter 18: Uncle Sam and the Goddess.” The Triumph of the Moon; A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Dianic Wicca
Mountainwater, Shekhinah. 1991. Ariadne’s Thread: A Workbook of Goddess Magic
Coleman, Kristy S. 2009. Re-Riting Woman: Dianic Wicca and the Feminine Divine.
Budapest, Zsuzsanna. 1989. The Holy Book of Women’s Mysteries.
https://feminismandreligion.com/2016/06/14/goddess-politics-and-the-cauldron-of-memory-by-kavita-maya/
Feminist Art
What is NeoPaganism
British Origins of Wicca
American Neopaganism
Cultural Feminism As Feminist Cultural Production
Orenstein, Gloria Feman. The Reflowering of the Goddess.
Echols, Alice. "The new feminism of yin and yang." Powers of desire: The politics of sexuality (1983): 439-59.
Radical and Lesbian-Feminisms and the Rise of 'Cultural Feminism'
Cultural Feminism
Alcoff, Linda. “Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory.” Signs 13, no. 3 (1988): pp 405-436.
Moravec, Michelle. “Cultural Feminism: The ‘Anti-Magical Sign’ of Women’s History.”
Susan Griffin - Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her
Echols, Alice. “Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement.” Social Text, no. 7 (1983): 34–53.
https://doi.org/10.2307/466453
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Samer, Rox. Lesbian Potentiality and Feminist Media in the 1970s. Durham, 2022
Dolan, Jill. 2012. “Feeling Women’s Culture.”
Echols, Alice 2019. Daring to Be Bad Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975
2 key influences within the feminist spirituality movement
Brooke of the Redstockings re Cultural Feminism as a retreat
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oB4rvOGstE0cTUHwPhz44vK601hW5ms_HY-TnGs0Rqk/edit?tab=t.0
Back to the Land Movement and Womanspirit magazine
early feminist spirituality movement years -- witchcraft and goddess worship are central - outpouring is 'feminist witchcraft'
Stein, Diane. 1987. The Women’s Spirituality Book. Llewellyn Publications,U.S.
:
Cultural Feminism as ESSENTIALISM
The politicos drift towards witch, and the feminists to restocking
And then redstockings attack cultural feminism !
Women's Culture
Echols, Alice 2019. Daring to Be Bad Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975
SECTION 1 (almost done except for 1 paragaph, transitional phrases)
SECTION 2 - Needs a lot of work! - all of the week of the 16th-20th?
SECTION 4 - Needs w0rk - one 13 hr day?
SECTION 4 - Needs w0rk - 3 days?
SECTION 5 - Needs w0rk - 2-3 days?