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geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sustainable city
        
        Freidburg
      - HIC
        
        Bristol
      - NEE
        
        Rio De Janeiro
    - - TNC, industrial change, aid, political links
        
        Nigeria
      - population decline
        
        outer hebridges
      - population growth
        
        cambridge
      - sustainable UK economy
        
        Torr Quarry
      - tourism in Jamaica
    - - large scale agriculture
        
        IBIS
      - small scale agriculture
        
        sand banks in Makueni
- - - - Tectonic hazards come from the movement of tectonic plates
        
        there are 2 kinds of tectonic plates
        
        oceanic
        
        thinner
        
        more dense
        
        continental
        
        thicker
        
        less dense
        
        tectonic plates float on top of the mantle which is underneath the crust
        
        the plates move as there are convection urrents in the mantle
        
        convection currents are where magma moves due to the difference in heat
        
        cold magma sinks
        
        magma rises from near the core, as it is hotter and now less dense
        
        1 more item...
        
        hot magma rises
      - earthquakes
        
        impacts
        
        primary
        
        death
        
        buildings destroyed
        
        infrastructure damaged
        
        secondary
        
        tsunamis
        
        landslides
        
        waterborne diseases
        
        power cuts
        
        tourism increase
        
        homelessness
        
        responses
        
        immediate
        
        emergency aid
        
        search and rescue
        
        medical help
        
        temporary shelterf
        
        food and water
        
        long term
        
        rebuilding infrastructure and buildings
        
        restoring vital utilities
        
        repairing domestic buildings
        
        build measures to reduce future impacts
      - volcanoes
        
        impacts
        
        primary
        
        death
        
        buildings destroyed
        
        infrastructure damaged
        
        secondary
        
        tsunamis
        
        landslides
        
        waterborne diseases
        
        power cuts
        
        tourism increase
        
        homelessness
        
        earthquakes
        
        volcanic ash kills crops
        
        responses
        
        immediate
        
        emergency aid
        
        search and rescue
        
        medical help
        
        temporary shelterf
        
        food and water
        
        preventing lava flow
        
        sandbags
        
        trenches
        
        water
        
        evacuation
        
        long term
        
        rebuilding infrastructure and buildings
        
        restoring vital utilities
        
        repairing domestic buildings
        
        build measures to reduce future impacts
      - types of plate margins
        
        constructive
        
        two plates move away from each other
        
        magma rises to the surface and cools to become new land
        
        hazards
        
        earthquakes
        
        volcanoes
        
        shield volcanoes
        
        destructive
        
        when continental and oceanic plates drift into each other
        
        oceanic plate subducts
        
        forms ocean trenches and mountains
        
        hazards
        
        earthquakes
        
        volcanoes
        
        composite volcanoes
        
        conservative
        
        two plates sliding past each other at different velocitys
        
        hazards
        
        earthquakes
        
        happen due to them getting stuck on each other. When they free themselves, they jolt and make an earthquake
        
        no magma so no volcanoes
      - mitigation
        
        monitoring
        
        using scientific equipment to detect when a disaster is about to occur
        
        changes in heat
        
        gas release
        
        seismic activity
        
        prediction
        
        using historical evidence and live data to estimate when the next disaster might happen
        
        protection
        
        designing buildings and structures to withstand disasters
        
        shock absorbers on tall buildings
        
        cross bracing to strength structures
        
        automatic window shutters
        
        planning
        
        Identifying and avoiding places most at risk and
        preparing for a disaster
    - - global atmospheric circulation
        
        ferrel cells
        
        air descends in the tropics
        
        driven by the polar and hadley cells
        
        polar cells
        
        at 60 degrees, this warm air rises, leading to clouds and rain
        
        will flow back to poles
        
        hadley cells
        
        air rises at the equator
        
        falls at 30 degrees
        
        pressures belts
        
        descending air
        
        high pressure
        
        no clouds or rain
        
        poles
        
        tropics
        
        ascending air
        
        low pressure
        
        clouds and rain
        
        60 degrees
        
        equator
      - tropical storms
        
        forming conditions
        
        5-30 degress of equator
        
        water which is at least 27 celcius and 60-70m deep
        
        names
        
        hurricanes
        
        eastern pacific
        
        atlantic
        
        typhoons
        
        west of the north pacific ocean
        
        cylones
        
        indian ocean
        
        south pacific ocean
        
        made in an ocean at 27 degrees, 60-70 m deep
        
        Air is heated and warm air rises rapidly, drawing in
        moisture, causing strong winds.
        
        Rising air cools and condenses to form tall
        cumulonimbus clouds – this releases latent heat.
        
        The winds start to spin upwards due to the Coriolis effect
        (the effect of the earths axis).
        
        Centre of the storm = eye – calm drier conditions.
        
        1 more item...
        
        impacts
        
        responses
        
        immediate
        
        emergency aid
        
        search and rescue
        
        medical help
        
        temporary shelterf
        
        food and water
        
        long term
        
        long term
        
        rebuilding infrastructure and buildings
        
        restoring vital utilities
        
        repairing domestic buildings
        
        build measures to reduce future impacts
        
        primary
        
        damage to buildings
        
        loss of life
        
        infrastructure damaged
        
        crops washed away
        
        storm surges
        
        secondary
        
        increase in homelessness
        
        outbreaks of waterborne diseases
        
        reduced income
        
        crops destroyed
        
        can affect food supply as well
        
        fishing boats destroyed
    - - how does climate change affect tropical storms
        
        more frequent and stronger storms
        
        global warming raises temperatures
        
        rising sea levels
        
        stronger storm surges
    - - cheaper land
      - urbanisation
      - farming
      - geothermal energy
      - mining
      - tourism
    - - primary
      - secondary
      - responses
        
        immediate
        
        long term
    - - earthquakes
        
        LIC (Nepal)
        
        cause
        
        7.8 magnitude
        
        convergent collision plate boundary
        
        focus was shallow
        
        epicentre was 60km from the capital
        
        impacts
        
        primary
        
        avalanche on Mt Everest and in the Langtang valley
        
        260 deaths total
        
        centuries old buildings where destroyed
        
        thousands of houses where destroyed
        
        8,500 dead, 19,000 injured
        
        harvests destroyed
        
        loss of tourism revenue
        
        secondary
        
        aftershocks continued for three weeks, 1/3 of them where 3 or higher magnitude
        
        people freeze to death due to cold temperatures and no housing
        
        hundreds of thousands homeless
        
        response
        
        immediate
        
        $1 billion total given in aid
        
        100 search and rescue responders, doctors and disaster experts where sent to help
        
        temporary housing provided
        
        aid workers from charitys came to help
        
        long term
        
        government earthquake task force created
        
        areas zoned to assess damage
        
        earthquake drills
        
        ADB gave them a $3 million grant for immediate relief and $200 million for rehabilitation
        
        HIC (Japan
        
        cause
        
        9 magnitude
        
        30km below the pacific ocean
        
        120km of the east coast
        
        impacts