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Rocks - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Strata are initially deposited horizontally, so any deformation, tilt, fold, or angle was formed after the rock was formed
      - Used in Relative Dating
        
        Relative Dating :
        
        Determining the age of rocks compared to other rocks
        
        uses words like 'Older than' or 'Younger than'
        
        Laws:
        
        Law of Superposition
        
        In an undisturbed (horizontal) sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest layers are at the bottom, and the youngest are at the top.
        
        Law of Original Horizontality
        
        Sediments are deposited in horizontal layers; tilted or folded layers must have been deformed after deposition.
        
        Law of Inclusions
        
        Any rock found inside another is older than the layer that contains it.
        
        Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships
        
        Any rock that cuts across another is younger than all the rocks it cuts through.
        
        These rocks are often times Igneous Rocks because, when magma breaks out of the mantle (intrusion), it would enter the crust and cut across whatever rock is already there
  - - - The Geologic Time Scale
        
        A timeline of all the major events that happened on earth, sorted into eras (largest), periods (middle), and epochs (smallest) plus the precambrian times.
        
        Precambrian Times (4.6 bya-544 mya)
        
        Mesozoic
        
        Jurassic (208-144 mya)
        
        Cretaceous (144-65 mya
        
        Triassic (245-208 mya)
        
        Cenozoic
        
        Tertiary (65-1.6 mya)
        
        Quarternary (1.6 mya-PRESENT
        
        Paleozoic
        
        Devonian (408-360 mya)
        
        Carboniferous (360-286 mya)
        
        Silurian (438-408 mya)
        
        Permian (286-246 mya
        
        Ordovician (505-438 mya)
        
        Cambrian (544-505 mya)
      - Types of Fossils
        
        Petrified Fossils
        
        Minerals replace all parts of an organism, turning it to stone
        
        Preserved Remains
        
        An animal is preserved in natural substances like amber, tar, or ice.
        
        Casts
        
        minerals fill the mold, creating a cast
        
        Carbon Films
        
        A thin, dark layer of carbon left behind from compressed materials
        
        Molds
        
        a hollow impression of a fossil
        
        Trace Fossils
        
        Evidence of an animal's activities during life (like footprints)
- - - - changes sedimentary rocks
- - - - Fossils must be in Igneous Rocks to be able to use this
      - Measures the decay of radioactive isotopes that fossils have
        
        These isotopes all have half-lives, which means that by a certain amount of years passed, only half of the isotope will be left to decay
        
        C-14 Dating: Carbon 14 dating, in which Carbon's half life is 5,730 years
        
        U-238 Dating: Uranium-Lead Dating, in which Uranium's half life is 4.5 billion years
- - - - Igneous
        
        weathering/erosion
        
        Sediments
        
        Deposition, Compaction/Cementation
        
        Sedimentary
        
        Heat & Pressure
        
        1 more item...
        
        (obsidian)
      - Magma is too far from its heat source, so It cools and solidifies into rock