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Biology - Drugs - Coggle Diagram
Biology - Drugs
Originated from Plants
plants produce variety of chemicals
defend against pests and pathogens
some chemicals used as drugs to treat human disease / relive symptoms
Plants used in traditional cures
Apirin
painkiller
chemical found in willow
Digitalis
heart conditions
chemical found in foxgloves
Microorganisms
Penicillin
petri dish containing bacteria had mould
area around mould had no bacteria
mould killed bacteria
large scale
pharmaceutical industry
Bacteria - Resistant to Antibiotics
mutate
resistant to antibiotic
infection
resistant
survive and reproduce
population increase
serious infection
can’t be treated with antibiotics
treat
only non-resistant strains
killed
Slow down rate
doctors avoid over-prescribing antibiotics
won’t recieve for sore throat
more serious
finish whole course
Developing Drugs
Pre-clinical
1
test on human cells and tissues in the lab
many fail
2
test on live animals
e.g. mice and rabbits
test Efficacy
whether drug works & produces effect
Toxicity
how harmful it is
Dosage
concentration & how often
! ethics !
Law in UK
any new drug must be tested on 2 different live mammals
Clinical
3
Healthy volunteers first
no harmful side effects
very low dose
gradually increased
4
Tested on people suffering with illness
Optimum dose is found
most effective
few side effects
Double-Blind Trial
patients split randomly into 2 groups
one given new drug
one given placebo
sugar pill containing no active substance
looks like drug - doesn’t do anything
Patient nor Doctor knows who has what
avoid placebo effect
unconscience bias
Patients health is monitored
results of testing and trials are not published until
peer review
prevent false claims
Fighting Disease
pain killers and ‘cold remedies’
reduce symptoms
don’t kill pathogens
don’t tackle underlying cause
Antibiotics
e.g. penicillin
kill bacteria (without killing body cells)
different antibiotics kill different bacteria
greatly reduced deaths
don’t destroy viruses
e.g. cold and flu
reproduce inside body cells
difficult to develop drugs without killing cells