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Important Fundamental Principles in Lifespan Development, Important Human…
Important Fundamental Principles in Lifespan Development
Counseling Perspective; Normal vs Abnormal Development
Framing situations from a normal developmental perspective
Nosological Systems of Problem Identification and Intervention Selection
Stages of Life
The prenatal Period though Old Age (page 2-3)
Prenatal (Conception until birth_
Infancy (Birth until 2 yo)
Toddlerhood (2-3yo)
Early Childhood (3-6yo)
Middle Childhood (6-12 yo)
Adolescence (12-19 yo)
Later Adolescence (19-22 yo); Still developing socially and responsibly during college years
Middle Adulthood (30-60yo); experiencing career success, launching children, caring for aging parents
Yound Adulthood (19-30yo); establishing a career, marriage, and family
Late Adulthood (60-75 yo); nearing end of career and launching late children
Old Age (75+yo); Faces loss of spouse
Aging Processes
Biological Aging; How the human body function across the lifespan
Anabolism; one's body building up to peak biological performance
Catabolism; the human body inevitably beginning to slowly deteriorate
Pschological Aging; Person's perception of this or her age 'feel'
Social Aging; ways individuals view aging within their own culture or society, vocation, and socioeconomic status
Fear of aging is usually how the culture perceives the elderly in their society
Types of Theory Structures Common in Human Development
Stage Theories; Discontinued development; Piaget
Incremental theories; the oppostie of stage theories, development is gradual, continuous constantly building upon itself little by little;
Skinner
Multidimensional Theories; integrating both; influenced not only by environment but also by genes as well
Nature of Development
Human Development is Cumulative; change is continuous throughout entire lifespan
Human Development is Variable; No two individuals are the same
Human Development is Cyclical and Repetitive; Life is full of change, gains, and losses
Human Development is Influenced by Cultural Differences; ie, Chinese and European-American cultural practices can affect the memories.
Human Develpment Involves Vast Individual Differences; "Maguire etal. (2003) found interesting evidence for the plasticity of the human brain in response to environment stimuli.
Humand Deveolpment Involves Both stability and Change; often complementary
Studying Human Development
Internal Validity
External Validity
Data Collection
Standardized Testing
Naturalistic observation; unobtrusively observe people going about their susual business
Structured Observation
Case Study
Self Report
Research Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Sequential Methods
Cross sectional designs
Time Lag Designs
Cross Cultrual Reseach
Ethics of Human Deveopment Research
Nonmaleficence; no harm
Beveficence; promoting welfare
Autonomy; well-informed decision
Informed Consent
Debriefing
Important Human Development Principles and Issues
Discontinuous; view that children go through relatively stable periods of development that culminate in abrupt transformations as they transition to the next stage like a Staircase
Continuous; view that children develpmental change is continually occurring at a gradual steady pace like a Slope
Normative History-graded influence; historical circumstance that affect people of common geverations similarly ie. Great Depression
Nonnormative or highly individualized life events; Unusual occurrences that greatly affect an individual's life, atypical time of life or rare and uncommon events ie. teen pregnancy, a natural disaster
Normative Age-graded Influences; predictable changes that every individual will encounter throughout his or her lifespan
Critical Periods; period where humans must develop certain skills at a critical period or only at a certain time ie. baby organs are develped at 8 weeks gestation
Flexibility/Plasticity; "Older adults can work to improve their memories with training and practice."
Sensitive Period; more flexible than those of a critical periiod
Active; children actively construct their own worlds and initiate their own growth
Passive; children are passively shaped by their environment having little controlthe external forces that shape their development.
Nature; encompasses heredity, universal maturational processes, biological predispositions, and hormones
Nurture ranges from the interactions among a child's family members, peers, school, neighborhood, government, and culture to the internal environment of their genes and cells.
Passive genotype-environment correlations; children influenced by the genotypes of the parents ie. if both parents are artsy then child will also have talents in art
Evocative Genotype-environment correlations; influence largely by genes, ie. child with long fingers might influence parents to buy a piano
Active Genotype-environment correlations; child seeing our environments consistent with his genetic makeup and creating his own environment to strengthen his qualities
Genetic Contribution
Epigenesis; idea that environment shape out genetic expressions and in turn shape our environments
Heritability; trait expression attributed to genetical factors
Environmental Contributions
Socioeconomic status (SES); income levels, cultural capial, educational attainment
Culture
Individualistic Values
Collectivistic Values
Ecological Model
Microsystem; Face to face activies
Mesosystem; 2 or more microsystems, ie. home and school where one microsystem can spill over into another microsystem
Exosystem; connections between 2 or more settings, child may not interact with directly
Macrosystem; the overarching cultural context in which the other systems are embedded; their beliefs, values, cutoms, lifesyles, politics, social institutions