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Geography paper 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - South-East Brazil
      - One of Brazil's largest cities
      - Major economic hub with industry
        
        ship port and tourism
    - - Rural-Urban migration & natural increase
    - - Jobs in industry, tourism and services
      - Better access to water & power compared to rural areas
      - Education & healthcare access more available
    - - Favelas / housing shortages – many people can’t afford formal homes
      - Inequality between rich (e.g. Leblon) and poor (e.g. Rocinha)
      - Crime & unemployment in poorer areas.
      - Lack of services in favelas (water, electricity, waste removal).
  - - - High-tech industries with good jobs & wages
      - Urban greening — green spaces & nature reserves improve environment
    - - Dereliction: abandoned old industrial buildings → crime & moving outwards.
        
        Old, rundown houses
      - Waste & Pollution: ~500,000 tonnes waste/year; rising car pollution → health issues
      - Housing Shortages: population growth > house supply → high prices & affordability issues
    - - Grants for building renovation
        
        recycle 50% household waste
        
        More charging points
  - - - Suburbanisation
        
        Growth of suburbs
      - Counter-urbanisation
        
        movement out of cities
      - Re-urbanisation
        
        redevelopment of city centres
    - - Improving rundown urban areas
      - Involves new housing, jobs & services
      - Can reduce deprivation but also raise costs
    - - Green spaces
      - Efficient public transport
      - Recycling & waste reduction
      - Cleaner air initiatives
    - - The number of births in a year per 1000 people of the total population
    - - Is a voluntary association of 53 independent and equal sovereign states
        
        Which were mostly territories of the former british empire
        
        It is home to 2.2 billion citizens
        
        Member states have no legal obligation to one another
        
        Instead they are united by:
        
        Language
        
        History
        
        Culture
        
        Democracy
    - - The number of deaths in a year per 1000 of the total population
    - - The decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competitions from NEEs
    - - A model showing how populations should change over time in terms of their:
        
        Birth rates
        
        Death rates
        
        Total population
    - - Progress of a country in terms of economic growth
      - Use of technology and human welfare
    - - Difference in standards of living and wellbeing
        
        Between the world's richest and poorest countries (HICs and LICS)