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Topic 1: Transitions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - It is believed, through the RNA world hypothesis, that RNA predates DNA and Proteins.
        
        RNA, inside a lipid bilayer that spoantenously forms, forms a compartment that can replicate, catalyze its own reactions and store genetic information.
        
        Compartments like this allow for natural selection to occur, by keeping replicates and byproducts seperate, which essentially ensures that byproducts only benefit the protocell. This creates winners and losers in natural selection.
- - - - Have membrane-bound organelles, genetic information (DNA, linear) stored in the nucleus, mostly multicellular, can be unicellar. Have larger cells than prokaryotes.
        
        Fungi
        
        Chitin in the cell walls of fungi
        
        Diverse ecological roles
        
        Mutualists
        
        Decomposers
        
        Fungi are decomposers because they secrete digestive enzymes outside their cells, break down dead organic matter into small molecules, and absorb the released nutrients, recycling them back into the ecosystem.
        
        Food Source
        
        Eaten directly or used in food production. Fungi are eaten directly (e.g., mushrooms) or used in food production (e.g., yeast for bread and alcohol, molds for cheese).
        
        Pathogens
        
        of plants and animals
        
        Food digestion outside cells
        
        Live on land
        
        Plants
        
        Autotrophs that undergo photosynthesis to produce sugar for energy. Cell walls made of cellulose
        
        Mosses: Nonvascular plants
        
        Ferns: seedless vascular plants
        
        Conifers: vascular plants with naked seeds
        
        Flowering plants: vascular plants with enclosed seeds (in fruit)?
        
        Autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules (e.g., sugars) using energy from light (photosynthesis) or chemical reactions (chemosynthesis), starting from inorganic carbon (CO₂).
        
        Animals
        
        Heterotrophs who consume organic material for energy, they breathe oxygen and can move. They are multicellular. Have neurons
        
        Invertebrates: animals without a backbone
        
        vertebrates: animals with a backbone or skeletal cartilage.
        
        Protists
        
        The artificial group of eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi, plants, and animals. They are extremely diverse in shape, function and ecological roles. Mostly live in wet/aquatic environments to promote good diffusion.
        
        Are not a clade (a segment of the phylogenetic tree that captures all the descendant species of a specific common ancestor)
        
        Can be single celled or even kelp (algae)
    - - Lack membrane-bound organelles, lacks a nucleus, which is replaced by a nucleoid region (with genetic information in a circle), and always unicellular organisms. Smaller cells than eukaryotes
        
        Archaea
        
        Prokaryotic organisms that are genetically and biochemically different from bacteria, many live in extreme environments making them extremophiles.
        
        Bacteria