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sociology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - values and beliefs differ between families depending on backround
      - Asian families are likely to be extended
    - - how people take different routes through family lifestyle throughout their lives
    - - how families take care of certain taks
      - division of labour
        
        conventional nuclear families
        
        dual worker families
        
        one parent families
    - - the period of which family changes through different family stages
    - - can have significant effect on the structure of the family
      - roles between husband and wife can be unequal due to the pressure put on the husband to work for money
  - - - allows for a more economic stability, especially with dual workers
    - - Stabilisation of adult personalities
        
        everday life can be stressful, the family helps alleviate the stress
        
        warm bath theory
      - Educational
        
        primary socialisation
    - - produces children
    - - maintains adults need for sexual behaviour
  - - - 1 parent living with their child/children
    - - one or both parents having a child/children from a previous relationship
    - - many more generations living together, but fewer people in those generations living together
    - - 3 generations of family living together
    - - 2 adults of the same sex living together with their child/children
    - - 2 parents of opposite sex with one or more children
- - - - self-report studies
    - - victim surveys
    - - pros
        
        cheap and easily available
        
        shows trends and changes overtime
        
        large amounts of information
        
        can be easily compared to other data, like victim surveys
      - cons
        
        dark figure of crime
        
        crimes not detected
        
        it cannot be reported if not one views the crime
        
        crimes not reported
        
        reported might fear consquences
        
        crime is too petty
        
        crime is too private
        
        might be sensitive or traumatic
        
        crimes not recorded
        
        too trivial
        
        not actually a crime
        
        victim might not proceed with the complaint
        
        police may decide there isn't anough evidence
        
        continual increase in crimes reported since 1902
        
        1902-1950: gradual rise
        
        early 1950s - early 1980s: steeper rise
        
        early 1980s - mid 1990s: rapid increase
        
        mid-1990s - 2015: gradual annual decline
        
        60-70% of all crimes are not recorded
        
        over emphasises the crimes of the working-class as they are expected to commit more and so police are more suspicous of the working class and catch more of the crimes committed by them
      - It should be compared to self-report studies and victim surveys to give a true figure of crime
      - sociological perspectives
        
        functionalism
        
        official statistics are factual
        
        marxism
        
        focuses on lower class crimes rather than white collar crimes
        
        femenism
        
        women are less likely to report crimes out of fear of male violence
        
        womens crimes are less likely to end up on official statistics due to the chivalry thesis
        
        interactionism
        
        certain groups are labelled as likely to commit crime
        
        the police chase those labelled as criminal as they expect them to be a criminal
        
        This disproportionate amount of those in deprived urban areas and working class offenders leads to a typical image of a criminal. e.g, working class, male, black and under the age of 25.
- - - - Talcott Parsons: 5 family functions
        
        reproduction
        
        socialisation
        
        economic
        
        stabilisation of adult personalities
        
        warm bath theory
        
        sexual
      - conjugal roles
        
        instrumental
        
        breadwinner, typically the man
        
        expressive
        
        emotional role, typically given to the woman
      - critisisms
        
        Parsons
        
        ignored ethnic diversity
        
        focused on middle-class families
        
        ignored social class and religous diversity
        
        ignored family diversity
        
        uses an idealised version of families
        
        ignores dysfuntional families
    - - meritocracy
      - secondary socialisation
        
        hidden curriculum
        
        Talcott Parsons
        
        "School is the bridge between family and society
        
        Emile Durkheim
        
        "Schools are a society in miniature"
      - specialised skills
    - - Emile Durkheim: crime is inevitable, even beneficial
        
        social cohesion
        
        too much can signal anomie
        
        moderate levels of crime remind people of acceptable behaviour
      - Cohen
        
        crime is caused by working class boys
        
        Working class boys have the same goals, but the educational gap leads them to crime
      - subcultural theory of crime
        
        positive evaluations
        
        doesn't see crime as functional
        
        recognises the role of groups in explaining crime
        
        criticisms
        
        ignores elite crime
        
        class structure is more complex
        
        gang membership is more fluid
        
        ignores the role of labelling
        
        Charles Murray (underclass theory)
        
        key features
        
        long term unemployed
        
        high rates of single parents
        
        high crime rates
        
        cut off from mainstream society on estates
        
        children socialised into values of worklessness and criminality
        
        walter miller
- - - - institution that upholds capitalist values
      - warm bath theory is used to prevent the proletariats from rebelling by making them think they are in control
      - unit of consumption
      - reproducing labour
      - economic responsibilities
        
        less likely to strike or leave a bad job as they have more then themselves to think about
      - Zaretsky
        
        the family is a 'safe haven'
        
        the family ultimately traps the proletariat in the stress it alleviates
      - critisisms
        
        ignore those that are satisfied with family life
        
        femenists point out marxists work with the nuclear family
        
        ignore family diversity
        
        femenists oppose the marxist view that female oppression will dissapear in socialist society
    - - a product of the inequality capitalism creates
      - bourgeoisie create laws that benefit themselves and keep the proletariats in the ground
      - capitalist values support crime which leads to many commiting it to gain the societal goal
      - Robert Mertons strain theory
        
        ritualism
        
        reject goals
        
        accept path to reach goals
        
        working a legal job as a habit instead of using it to achieve a goal
        
        innovation
        
        accept goals
        
        reject path to reach goals
        
        often meaning illegal method to getting money
        
        reatreatism
        
        reject goals
        
        reject path to reach goals
        
        often become homeless or drug addicts
        
        drop out of society
        
        conformity
        
        accept goals
        
        accept path to reach goals
        
        working a legal job
        
        rebellion
        
        seeking new goals
        
        creating new paths to reach goals
        
        actively seeks to change society, instead of becoming retreatists.
        
        When people are unable to get the goals they want with the path they take to reach it, then they can experience strain. This oftentimes causes them to change their goals or the path they take, and can lead to crime
        
        criticisms
        
        focuses on the lower class
        
        overemphasis on cultural goals
        
        deterministic
        
        ignores gender and ethnicity
        
        changes over time
      - Lumbenproletariat are often criminals
      - white collar crime
        
        white collar crime is less likely to go punished
        
        it is a crime that is non-violent, financially motivated offenses commited by or for a buisness or government officials
    - - maintains capitalist control over society
      - reproduces capitalist ideals
        
        society is a meritocracy
        
        money and success is the only goal
        
        if you work hard enough, you can become rich
      - makes the lower class accept their place in the lower class as children
    - - bourgeoisie
        
        big buisness owners
        
        rarely do much work themselves
        
        survive off of the exploitation of the proletariats and their labour
      - proletariat
        
        working class
        
        own no means of production
        
        their labour is exploited by the bourgeoisie
      - petty bourgeoisie
        
        own property
        
        own small buisnesses
        
        do not survive off of the labour of other
        
        often still work themselves
      - lumbenproletariats
        
        'social scum'
        
        dangerous class
        
        long term unemployed
    - - Weber
        
        aggres with Marx about the ownership of property being the most iportant factor indefining class
        
        one of the most important aspects of social stratification is status
        
        power is when people can get what htey want despite opposition
        
        powerful people can make others behave the way that they want
        
        however, he thinks it also depends on skills and qualifications
        
        bourgeoisie is split into three
        
        business owners
        
        professionals
        
        petty bourgeoisie
      - Zaretsky
        
        The family aids capitalism
        
        Acts as a unit of consumption
        
        family buys and consumes the products of capitalism and enables the bourgeoisie to continue making profit
        
        children are frequently the target of advertisement and pressure their parents to buy them toys and expensive items
        
        keeps rich bloodlines rich through inheritance
        
        Women were used as free labour in the household
        
        Keeps the workers fed and clothed for free, aiding the capitalist system by keeping workers happy
        
        reproduction of labour force
        
        Bourgeoisie families passes down private property to their children
        
        Proletariat families produce more generations of workers to be exploited
        
        criticisms
        
        many people are satisfied with family life
        
        there are more significant agents that benefit capitalism over the family
        
        media
        
        education
        
        Marxists ignore family diversity and focus only on the nuclear family
        
        Femenists question the marxist view that sexism would cease in a socialist society
    - - central aim
        
        aimed to test the embourgeoisement thesis. Goldthorpe and his colleagues wanted to see if the working class was dissapearing as they became wealthier, essentially merging into the middle class in terms of culture
        
        defining embourgeoisement
        
        the theory that working class people become more prosperous, they adopt middle class culture and lose their working class culture
        
        sample and choice of luton
        
        sample
        
        Goldthorpe studieda group of highly paid manual workers
        
        why luton
        
        it was the 'boom town' in the 1960s, with high wages and modern housing. Goldthorpe believed that embourgeoisement would be most prominent here
        
        concept of instrumentalism
        
        workers were instead developing instrumental views towards work
        
        saw work as means to an end
        
        weren't looking for status or satisfaction, just more money for their family
        
        findings on politics and community
        
        community
        
        1 more item...
        
        Devine follow up study
        
        1 more item...
        
        politics
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Women are controlled in the family
        
        unpaid labour
        
        financial control
        
        domestic violence
      - women are often exploited as well
        
        double/triple shift
        
        double shift
        
        unpaid domestic labour
        
        paid job
        
        triple shift
      - Women are often not able to have a social life as they dont leave the house during the day for fun as they are forced to clean and cook
      - criticisms
        
        Delphy and Leonard don't take into account families where the power is shared/equal
        
        Marxists argue inequalities within families is due to capitalism, not patriarch
        
        functionalists see the family as benefiting individuals and society
    - - Otto Pollack: chivalry thesis
        
        male police officers are less likely to ticket or arrest a women
        
        it is very likely for this to occur due to the male-dominated police force
        
        This comes from the sexist belief that women need to be protected
        
        it leads to women being viewed as less harmful which means that they are even less likely they give
      - Francis Heidensohn: control theory
        
        women commit fewer crimes due to more societal control on women
        
        they are controlled through threat of male violence
        
        glass ceiling
        
        domestic monitoring
    - - upholds patriarchy and gender roles
        
        textbooks showing traditional gender roles
        
        subject sterotypes
    - - delphy and leonard
        
        mren hold dominant position in family, which reflects a patriarchal society
- - - - labelling
        
        teachers, parents or even peers may assign a single label to a child or an adult which is used to encompass how people see them
        
        self-fufilling prophecy
        
        when someone that has been labelled becomes that lable completely
        
        Howard Becker: master status
        
        Stanley Cohen: leads to moral panic and deviancy application
        
        can create subcultures
        
        pro-school
        
        those that are labelled 'good at school' can become stressed about maintaining that role and can get burned out and lose those characteristics that gave them the label in the first place
        
        anti-school
      - socially constructed
        
        an act only becomes deviant when labelled as such
        
        there are many countries that allow drugs like weed to be used recreationally, but in the UK, it is currently illegal
        
        Howard Becker
        
        "Deviancy is not a quality of the act a person commits, but rather a consequence of the application of rules and sanctions on others"
- - - - according to ONS, men are more likely to commit crimes
        
        90% of those found guilty of burglary, robbery, drug offences and criminal damage are men
        
        men are 60 times more likely to be found guilty for sex offenses
        
        men are 14 times more likely to be found guilty for robbery
        
        men are 13 times more likely to be found guilty for possession of weapons
        
        men are 7 times more likely to be found guilty for criminal damage
        
        men are 4 times more likely to be found guilty for theft
      - ONS can be wrong though
        
        Statistics can only show crimes that have been recorded.
        
        Chivalry thesis could make it seem that men are more likely to be criminals
      - feminist explanation
        
        gender socialisation can make men more aggressive and women more passive
        
        women have fewer chances to commit crimes, especially during teenage years
        
        bedroom culture keeps girls inside, giving them fewer chances to actually commit a crime
        
        the glass ceiling also doesn't allow women to reach the top of their jobs
        
        this gives them less chances to commit white collar crimes, like fraud
        
        Francis Heidensohn: control theory
        
        women commit fewer crimes due to more societal control on women
        
        they are controlled through threat of male violence
        
        glass ceiling
        
        domestic monitoring
      - functionalist explanations
        
        status frustration (Albert Cohen
        
        Focal concerns (Walter Miller)
        
        focuses on the male aspect of crime and tends to ignore women
      - Marxist explanations
        
        primarily associated with social class
      - wome are becoming inreasingly involved in crime
        
        gender equality
        
        women are more likely to be in low paid jobs