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Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - compare pictures of healthy plants to sick plants
        
        internet
        
        gardening books
      - take a small cutting of the plant
        
        send to local garden centre to have it tested
        
        depending on the disease, it might need to be sent to a laboritory for more advanced screening and testing
    - - pathogens
        
        bateria
        
        agrobacterium
        
        causes crown gall disease
        
        causes tumour like swellings
        
        inserts DNA into plant cells and forces them to make "galls"
        
        often used by humans to as a vector for GMOs
        
        communicable disease
        
        fungus
        
        rose blackspot
        
        infects leaves
        
        causes black or purple spots
        
        leaves often turn yellow and falls off
        
        impacts photosynthesis
        
        transmitted through air, water and gardeners contact
        
        protist
        
        virus
        
        Tobacco Mosaic virus
        
        infects tobacco, tomatoes and peppers
        
        transmitted through contact of plants or farmers hands
        
        infects the chloroplasts and changes the colour from green to yellow or white in a mosaic virus
        
        reduces crop yield
        
        no cure
  - - - examples
        
        HIV
        
        Human Immunodeficiency Virus
        
        transmitted through bodily fluids
        
        often through unprotected sex
        
        can be transmitted through blood, open wounds and shared needles
        
        immediate effects are often mild flu-like symptoms
        
        pass quickly
        
        people often don't know they're infected for a long time
        
        becomes active after months or years after infections
        
        Causes AIDS which means acquired immuno deficiency syndrome
        
        attacks the immune system
        
        There is no cure, but the symptoms can be allieviated and slowed
        
        Tobacco Mosaic virus
        
        infects tobacco, tomatoes and peppers
        
        transmitted through contact of plants or farmers hands
        
        infects the chloroplasts and changes the colour from green to yellow or white in a mosaic virus
        
        reduces crop yield
        
        no cure
      - cannot reproduce on its own
      - uses other cells in order to reproduce
      - small amount of DNA and RNA
      - treatments
        
        most treatments involve mitigating symptoms
        
        can be prevented instead with vaccines
      - are not considered living
    - - examples
        
        salmonella
        
        agrobacterium
      - reproduce by themselves
      - produce harmful toxins as an infection
      - treatments
        
        antibiotics
    - - examples
        
        rose blackspot
        
        athletes foot
      - a type of living organism
      - cause immune reactions, produces harmful toxins and robs host of resources
      - treatments
        
        topical creams
        
        oral medication
        
        intravenal for severe infections
    - - examples
        
        malaria
        
        downy mildew
      - treatments
        
        they vary due to them being small parasites essentially
        
        malaria
        
        chloroquine
        
        artemisinin based therapies
      - single celled organisms that lack many features of higher cellular life
  - - - cystic fibrosis
    - - scurvy
    - - cancer, caused by carcinogens
      - diabetes, caused by excess glucose intake
- - - - chemical signal
    - - receptors
        
        sensory neurons
        
        coordinator
        
        motor neurons
        
        effector
        
        response
  - - - temperature
      - pressure
      - pain
    - - chemical taste
    - - chemical smell
    - - light
    - - sound
  - - - contracting for movement
      - contracting in response to light levels in the eye
    - - releases hormones into the blood
  - - - receptor
        
        sensory neurons
        
        relay neurons
        
        motor neurons
        
        effector
        
        response
- - - - secretes hormones into bloodstream
        
        have many different functions
        
        target cells have receptors for different hormones
        
        hormones are chemical messenger
        
        thyroid
        
        thyroxine
        
        increases metabolism rate
        
        growth and development
        
        adrenaline glands
        
        adrenaline
        
        allows the body to push limits for short periods of time
        
        increases blood flow to muscles
        
        reduces blood flow to non-immediate bodily functions (digestive system)
        
        reduces pain perception
        
        increases heart/breathing rate
        
        increases glucose release
        
        fight or flight response
        
        testes
        
        testosterone
        
        growth hormone, most prominent in men
        
        increases muscle mass
        
        increases bone density
        
        purpose in women
        
        libido
        
        mood
        
        bone health
        
        controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics
        
        shoulders broaden
        
        testes produce sperm cells
        
        sexual organs develop
        
        holds sperm cells/male gametes
        
        ovaries
        
        oestrogen
        
        growth hormone, most prominent in women
        
        reproductive development
        
        mestrual cycle
        
        2 more items...
        
        pregnancy
        
        3 more items...
        
        bone health
        
        voice deepens slightly
        
        hips widen
        
        hair grows
        
        2 more items...
        
        inhibits release of FSH
        
        folical stimulating hormone
        
        2 more items...
        
        stimulates release of LH
        
        holds egg cells/female gametes
        
        pancreas
        
        Islets of Langerhans
        
        alpha cells
        
        glucagon
        
        2 more items...
        
        acts as receptors and detect fall in blood glucose
        
        beta cells
        
        insulin
        
        4 more items...
        
        act as receptors and detect rise in glucose
      - ADH
        
        Anti-Diuretic hormone
        
        makes you pee less (reabsorb less water)
        
        can be affected by drinks or food
        
        alcahol
        
        diuretics (make you want to pee)
        
        caffeine
        
        osmoreceptors in hypothalamus check water level
        
        if too high, less ADH
        
        if too low, more ADH
      - Luteuinising hormone
        
        stimulates ovulation
      - folical stimulating hormone
        
        causes egg to matures
        
        stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
  - - - another variable increases until other variable is at the correct level
  - - - plant growth in response to stimulus
      - phototropism
        
        growth in response to light
        
        auxin on the side that light is shining on the plant is broken down faster
        
        This causes there to be more auxin and cell divison on the opposite side and so grows in the direction of the light
      - gravitropism
        
        growth in response to gravity
        
        Auxin produced in the tip of the root
        
        the auxin builds up in the bottom of the root. This causes the top of the root to grow faster than the bottom, causing it to grow down
        
        Auxin is produced in the shoots
        
        it builds up lower in the shoots which uses negative tropism instead in order to grow in the opposite direction to the ground
      - hydrotropism
        
        growth in respones to water
      - positive tropism
        
        growth towards the stimulus
      - negative tropism
        
        growth away from the stimulus
    - - causes unequal growth rate in plant roots and shoot
        
        promotes growth
      - hormones
    - - involved in plant growth
      - can be used to end seed dormancy
      - promot flowered
      - increase fruit size
    - - controls cell divison and ripening of fruits
      - helps flower open
      - involved in the dropping of leaves from plants
      - fotting fruits gives off high concentrations of ethene
- - - - excrete toxic products in our blood
      - manage water level in blood
      - issues
        
        can be rejected
        
        have to wait for kidneys to be available
    - - renal artery
        
        carries blood to kidney
        
        has blood that needs cleaning
      - renal vein
        
        carries cleaned blood away to the heart again
    - - blood flows into tubules
        
        ultrafiltration
        
        small molecules are filtered out of blood
        
        urea
        
        water
        
        glucose
        
        ions of salt
        
        bigger molecules don't get filtered
        
        protein
        
        blood cells
        
        selective reabsorbtion
        
        useful molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood
        
        glucose
        
        some water
        
        some ions of salt
        
        this happens through active transport and diffusion
        
        amount of water reabsorbed is controlled by ADH
        
        ADH controlled by pituitary glands
        
        osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detects water level
        
        pituitary galnd releases less ADH
        
        1 more item...
        
        excretion
        
        waste molecules are put into urine which is stored in the bladder
        
        filtered through nephrons
    - - kidney failure
        
        dialysis
        
        acts as an artifical kidney
        
        uses dialysis fluid to diffuse waste in the blood into it.
        
        diffused through a semi-permeable membrane
        
        small particles allowed through
        
        large particles cannot pass through
        
        issues
        
        time consuming
        
        expensive
        
        can be dangerous
        
        diagram
        
        blood leaves arm
        
        dialysis machine
        
        dialysis fluid goes in
        
        dialysis fluid goes out
        
        clean blood flows through bobble trap to get rid of bubbles
        
        1 more item...
        
        organ transplant
        
        donated
        
        living, as you can live with only one kidney
        
        taken from the recetly dead
        
        much cheaper
  - - - ventricles
        
        lower chambers of the heart
        
        left
        
        pumping blood from atria into the body
        
        right
        
        pumping blood from the body into the lungs
        
        thicker muscles
      - atria
        
        upper chambers of the heart
        
        left
        
        get blood from the lungs (oxygenated)
        
        right
        
        get blood from the body (deoxygenated)
        
        thinner muscles as they don't need to contract much
      - left and right is flipped in diagrams due to them being front facing
      - valves ensure there is no backflow of blood
  - - - if object is close
        
        ciliary muscles contract
        
        Lense becomes thicker
        
        light is refracted more
        
        suspensory ligaments slacken/loosen
      - if object is far
        
        ciliary muscles relax
        
        lense becomes thinner
        
        light is refracted less
        
        suspensory ligaments are stretched tight
    - - controls the light coming into the eye
      - shrinks if theres too much, expands if theres too little.
      - muscles
        
        circular
        
        shrink the iris
        
        radial
        
        expand the iris
    - - further refracts light into retina
    - - contains light receptor cells
    - - carries impulses to the brain
    - - tough white outer layer of the eye
      - protects it from damage
  - - - regulates temperature
      - regulates water balance
    - - split into 2 hemispheres
      - highly folded
      - controls many aspects of a person
        
        intelligence
        
        personality
        
        concious though
        
        hgih level functions
        
        lanugage
        
        verbal memory
        
        emotions
    - - unconcious activity
        
        heart rate
        
        breathing rate
    - - balance
      - coordination of movement
      - muscular activity
    - - Phineas george (1848)
        
        iron rod from construction of a railway track was shot into his skull
        
        he survived, but his personality was negatively altered
        
        he lost inhibitions socially and emotionally
- - - - ventricles
        
        lower chambers of the heart
        
        left
        
        pumping blood from atria into the body
        
        right
        
        pumping blood from the body into the lungs
        
        thicker muscles
      - atria
        
        upper chambers of the heart
        
        left
        
        get blood from the lungs (oxygenated)
        
        right
        
        get blood from the body (deoxygenated)
        
        thinner muscles as they don't need to contract much
      - left and right is flipped in diagrams due to them being front facing
      - valves ensure there is no backflow of blood
  - - - carries blood away from the heart
      - thick walls
      - small lumen (space in blood vessel
      - higher blood pressure
    - - thin walls
      - carries blood to heart
      - large lumen
      - smaller blood pressure
    - - walls are one cell thick
      - deliver glucose and oxygen and take away carbon dioxide and metabolic waste process
  - - - if carbon dioxide is not removed, it can dissolve in the blood plasma and form carbonic acid
        
        lowers blood PH
        
        reduces enzyme function
        
        impacts oxygen delivery
- - - - phosphate group
      - deoxyribose sugar
      - nitrogenous group
        
        Adenine
        
        thymine
        
        guantine
        
        cytosine
        
        they only pair with another nitrogenous group
  - - - selective breeding
    - - sexual
        
        producing an offspring using the fusion of a male and female gamete
        
        randomly combines the genes of both parents
        
        more genetic variation
        
        can make reproduction slow
        
        allows undesirable genes to die out
      - asexual
        
        producing an offspring without meiosis or fusion of gametes.
        
        creates clones
        
        rapid reproduction
        
        less genetic variation
- - - - protein is broken down into amino acids
        
        liver processes amino acid
        
        removes a portion of the amino acids called the amino group
        
        forms ammonia, which is formed into urea
        
        sent to kidneys where it is excreted to urine
        
        if urea builds up, it can be deadly
      - protein and amino acids can't be stored
  - - - turns into carbonic acid, lowers blood PH
        
        impacts oxygen delivery
        
        reduce enzyme function