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GLOBAL GOVERNANCE- Political & Economic - Coggle Diagram
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- Political & Economic
Key terms
NGOs
- This is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group organised on a local, national or international level. NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizens’ concerns to governments, advocate and monitor policies and
encourage political participation through provision of information.
EG - Oxfam
SAPs
- Conditional loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to countries that experienced economic crises. Often leads to the implementation of a new economic system like austerity, to pay these back.
Supranational
- having power or influence that transcends national boundaries or governments.
Different types of state...
Failed
- These states are not in control of their internal governance and are rarely participants on a global level either. populations. Insurgent groups, such as Boko Haram in Nigeria or ISIL in Iraq and Syria, often take over regions within failed states, these states are often described as ‘fragile’ as they lack control.
Eg - Somalia.
Powerful
- these states can pick and choose which global agreements they are part of and simply ignore international pressure (as seen in the example of Russia’s actions in Ukraine, but also the refusal of the
US to sign climate change agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol).
Rogue
- These states reject the global system of governance and are often seen as a threat to Superpower states - these states often have illegitimate governments such as
North Korea.
Gunboat diplomacy
Foreign policy that is supported by the use or threat of military force, was seen as out of date up until the
US’s Jan 2026 attack on Venezuela.
POLITICAL
The United Nations
Purpose and key chapters
Founding
- Months after the end
of the second world war
the UN’s founding document and constitution was signed. This was essentially created to prevent another event of the same kind and signed 26th June 1945.
The UN's charter is essentially its constitution which sets out the institution's functions.
Key chapters when it comes to peace and security: 5,6,7
Membership
With
193 member states
the UN is seen as the chief IGO.
There are member and non member states
Member state
- Recognised and sovereign
Non-member observer state
- not recognised/ disputed - Palestine
Focuses on the
'‘sovereign equality of all of its members’'
resources
Administrative work is carried out by the
secretariat.
Key Organs
Security council - see seperatly
GA
ECOSOC
UN Secretariat
- The Secretariat is the UN’s administrative body. This is essentially the civil service - headed by the secretary general.
Effectiveness (peace & security)
limiting the spread of nuclear weapons
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was opened for willing states to sign in 1968. This allowed for a mutual understanding against nuclear expansion.
The GA also have a a dedicated disarmament commission within the secretariat.
Nuclear warfare has not occurred since this was signed.
1991-2000 saw the end of the SC gridlock and a huge rise in
humanitarian intervention
Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1995), though success was mixed.
This changed post 9/11
Effectiveness - poverty
Promoting
sustainable development
The
Millennium Development goals
which were then changed to the
Sustainable Development goals
in 2015 have outlined the UN’s goals and role they have intended to play in development in this century. Many people have been kept out of poverty.
Security Council
Key powers
issue binding resolutions in international law, by which all UN member states must abide
issue economic sanctions and call upon other UN member states to adopt them
authorise military action, ranging from humanitarian intervention to no-fly zones
decide whether new member states should be recognised by the UN General Assembly - seen recently with the disputed recognition of Palestine.
Membership
Successes/Failures
Veto
NATO
States can work together in political governance using different methods.
IGOs
- good debate but can become gridlocked/ dominated by the West.
Ad hoc meetings
- informal/ reactive meetings (EG G20 London 2009) however often seen as less legitimate.
International treaties
- Flexibility of these allows for more agreement and representation but does however mean that these can be ignored.
ECONOMIC
International
Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
World Trade
Organization (WTO)
G7
G20
Global North-South divide
Dependency theory
Extra examples/ ideas
The Melian Dialogue
"The strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must"
This is an ancient example of diplomacy.
The Sailsbury poisonings (March 2018)
The attempted murder of a former Russian Millitary intelligence officer and his daughter using nerve agent. This has now been found to have been carried out by the Russian state and shows how powerful nations can act as they please. Russia essentially got away with this.
It is difficult to hold
effective governance
over powerful states because: there is no 'world government', states are the principle actors and international law in largely unenforceable.
The league of nations
Established post Ww1 in an attempt to stop Ww2, this completely failed - similar goals to the UN.
Why did it fail - too much power to smaller nations, created lack of collaboration.
