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Urban Environment and Development - Coggle Diagram
Urban Environment and Development
Handerson and Turner
Africa is urbaniing at lower income levels than developed coutnries originally did
there are huge benefits of moving in the city
Incomes are 4x higher in dense urban areas
Better access to electricity, clean water, schools, healthcare
but overall given the huge benefits it seems something is holding people back and is making urbanization to happen TOO SLOWLY
but also costs
BUT also costs: worse child health, more crime, more lifestyle diseases (obesity, diabetes)
ALSO the farmers dont become manufacturers as usually assumed
there is lack of structural transformation and so farmers live in cities but go to work back in the rural areas
"Interesting that utilities improve BUT child health worsens—questions whether infrastructure standards are adequate"
Sun et al
after 2000s cities are not keeping up with population growth
crowding
except upper middle income coutnries like china
city greening is huge but only for the richest 12%
Henderson et al. (2017)
drought
industrialized cities
urbanization
helps cope with climate change
non-industrialized cities
no urbanization
everyone just gets poorer together
Suckall et al
because urban ares are dependent on rural areas for food and wood
climate change actually drives people back to the coutnryside
they disagree
maybe because Malawi is not industricalized
"87.1% migrated once and 52.1% stayed >10 years, but maintain rural ties through phones/buses—permanent migration with translocal communities"