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Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pressure can be maintained
      - Target specific flow can be achieved, by directly blood to the organs that require it
  - - - Organs of gas exchange in the gills
        
        Take in oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide
        
        Blood is carried to the rest of the body via the aorta and the branching of the arteries
  - - - Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body
      - Deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart
    - - Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs
      - Oxygenated blood is transported back to the lungs
    - - Ensures blood doesn't mix
      - Body cells receive oxygen and remove waste products rapidly
      - High pressures is larger vessels to ensure adequate flow
        
        Low pressures in smaller vessels to not damage them
- - - - Although some types contain granules that can be stained
- - - - 50% of blood volume is plasma
    - - Digested food products ( eg. glucose and amino)
        
        Transports them from the small intestine to the liver
        
        Then to the rest of the body where they are immediately used or for storage
      - Nutrient molecules from storage areas to the cells
      - Excretory products ( eg. carbon dioxide and urea)
        
        From the cells to the organs such as the kidneys and the lungs
        
        Excreted from the body
      - Hormones (chemical messages) from where they are made to where they cause changes in the body
  - - - To the skin where it can be lost to the surroundings
- - - - Oxygen can diffuse in and out of them rapidly
  - - - Rest is carried in the plasma
- - - - Cause the platelets to break open
        
        Release serotonin
        
        causes smooth muscles of the blood vessel to contract
        
        Narrows blood vessels, cuts off blood flow to damaged area
        
        Releases thromboplastin
        
        An enzyme that initiates the chemical cascade that clot the blood
    - - Thromboplastin is an enzyme
        
        Catalyses the conversion
        
        Large soluble protein called prothrombin found in the plasm
        
        Into another soluble protein, the enzyme called thrombin
        
        Thrombin is biologically active
        
        Prothrombin is the precursor of thrombin and is biologically inactive
        
        Calcium ions need to be present in the blood at the right concentration for the reaction to happen
      - Thrombin acts on another soluble plasma protein called fibrinogen
        
        Catalyses the conversion
        
        Into fibrin which is an insoluble substance
        
        Fibrin forms a mesh or fibres to cover the wounds
        
        Fibrin is biologically active
        
        Biologically fibrinogen is inactive
      - More platlets and red blood cells pour from the wound
        
        They get trapped in the fibrin mesh
        
        Forms a clot
      - Special proteins in the structure of platlets contract
        
        Clot becomes tighter and tougher
        
        Form a scab that protects the skin and vessel as they heal
- - - - The distance from the outermost to the innermost areas of the cells are very small
    - - Larger surface area is in contact with the external environment as compared to the volume of the cell
    - - Organisms don't regulate their own temperature
      - Don't use much oxygen and food or produce much carbon dioxide
  - - - The distance between the outermost and innermost parts of the cell get longer
        
        Substances may not be able to diffuse in rapidly to supply the cells with all their needs
    - - An arrangement of structures by which substances are transported in the flow of a fluid with a mechanism of moving it around the body
        
        Overcome the limits of diffusion
        
        These mass transport systems allow the process of diffusion, active transport and osmosis over short distances
      - Features of Mass Transport Systems
        
        Exchange surfaces get substances in and out of transport systems
        
        System of vessels that carry substances - tubes that carry a very specific route
        
        Make sure substances move in the right direction
        
        A way of moving materials fast enough to supply the needs of the organism
        
        Mechanical methods such as pumping the blood or ways of maintaining the concentration gradient
        
        A suitable transport medium
        
        Way of adapting the rate of transport to the needs of the organism
- - - - Removes waste products of the metabolism