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Child development, Skinner, Cognitive Development, pre industrial…
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Skinner
Albert Bnadura
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Stimulus → response(Pavlov, 1927)
According to Pavlov learning occurs through classical conditioning. His research proves that when a neutral stimulus was frequently coupled with a natural stimulus, it might result in a learnt reaction (Pavlov, 1927). This shows that behaviour can be learned through association.
Albert Bandura
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Role of models (parents, teachers)
Introduces cognitive processes(Bandura, 1977)
Albert Bandura, the originator of the Social Learning Theory, suggested that children learn through observation and imitation of others, rather than direct reinforcement alone (Bandura, 1977). He emphasised the importance of role models and proposed cognitive faculties like attention and memory, moving us from strict behaviourism.
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Stimulus → response(Pavlov, 1927)
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B.F. Skinner claims that behaviour is shaped by its consequences — a process he termed operant conditioning. Skinner suggested that behaviours reinforced are likely to be repeated while behaviours punished are less likely to be repeated (Skinner, 1953). Skinner, whose theory only emphasised observable behaviour and dismissed internal mental processes, has had a considerable impact on behaviour management in education.
Cognitive Development
Piaget- according to Piaget children learn best by engaging with their surroundings.H e said that cognitive development occurs in 4 different stages. These are sejnsorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operational (Piaget,1952). Each stage shows children adapt to learning differently.
Vygootksy- according to Vygotsky cognitive developed is learned by social interactions and culture. He said that children develop best through guidance from others such as parents or teachers (Vygotsky,1978). One concept he proposed was zone of proximal development which helps children develop better with support they receive.
pre industrial childhood
The pre industrial childhood for children was very short. They were expected to help put with chores. There was barely any difference between adults and children and education was rare.
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Infancy is where you experience rapid physical growth, for examplen braid development. Newborns depend on reflexes such as grasping and sucking which eventually develop into sitting, walking and talking.Physical development during this stage provides the biological foundation for later cognitive and social development (Berk, 2018).
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Middle childhood
Middle childhood is where children start experiencing strength and stamina. Their fine motor skills start improving which allows them to carry out certain tasks such as handwriting and partaking in different sport activities.
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Guy evans, Olivia . “Childhood ADHD in Girls Tied to Poorer Adult Outcomes.” Simply Psychology, 21 Dec. 2023, www.simplypsychology.org/childhood.html. Accessed 4 Jan. 2026.
James, Allison , and Alan Prout. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood. Routledge, 8 May 2015.
Marenus, Michele. “Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences.” Simply Psychology, 26 Mar. 2025, www.simplypsychology.org/multiple-intelligences.html.
McLeod, Saul. “Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.” Simply Psychology, 2025, www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html.
---. “Operant Conditioning: What It Is, How It Works, and Examples.” Simply Psychology, 17 Mar. 2025, www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html.
---. “Piaget Cognitive Stages of Development.” Simply Psychology, 4 June 2025, www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html.
---. “Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development.” Simply Psychology, 2025, www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html.
Mcleod, Saul. “Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment and Pavlovian Conditioning Response.” Simply Psychology, 2 Feb. 2024, www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html.
National Institute of Mental Health. “The Teen Brain: 7 Things to Know.” National Institute of Mental Health, 2023, www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-teen-brain-7-things-to-know.
Sigelman, Carol, and Elizabeth Rider. Life-Span Human Development. 10th ed., S.L., Cengage Learning Custom P, 2022.
UNICEF. “Convention on the Rights of the Child.” UNICEF, UNICEF, 2025, www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention.
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3. Based on your overall responses and with consideration of the assignment brief and grading criteria, what grade do you feel this assessment will attract?
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I have used artificial intelligence (AI) tools while undertaking my assignment in the following ways:
To develop research questions on the topic YES
To create an outline of the topic YES
To explain concepts YES
To support my use of language YES
To summaries the following articles/references NO
To help produce the final reference list NO