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HEALTH AND DISEASE, DISEASE, DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINES, DEFENSE AGAINST…
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DISEASE
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LIFE OF A VIRUS
LYTIC: 1. the virus infects the host cell 2. the virus uses proteins and enzymes within the cell to produce new particles 3. the cell lyses (bursts) and new particles infect new cells
LYSOGENIC: The virus injects its DNA into the host cell's DNA 2. The host cell replicates and the virus DNA replicates with it 3. Changes in the environment cause viral DNA to move to the lytic pathway to make new particles
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Risk of Non communicable diseases can be increasesd by diet, stress and life condtitions
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BACTERIA produce toxins that can damage cells, they are small and can reproduce quickly
FUNGAL diseases are more common in plants, and can be mulitcelluar or single cell. They infect other organisms through spores
PROTISTS are eukaryotic organisms, which are parasites, meaning they need a host to survive
VIRUSES are not considered to be alive, and can only reproduce in the hosts cell by taking over its metabolic pathways
DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINES
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Medicines can either treat symptoms of a disease (painkillers) or the cause of a disease (antibiotics)
ANTIBIOTICS cure bacterial diseases by killing bacteria in the body. ANTIBIOTICS are specific to certain bacteria. They only affect processees in the bacteria so dont harm host cells
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DRUG TESTING happens in 3 stages: Preclincial testing, whole organism testing, and clinical trials
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Lymphocytes are combined with a tumor cell to make a hybridoma cell. Tumors are used because they can divide repeatedly
The hybridoma cell can divide and produce the antibody, so the antibody can be collected an purified for human uses
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES can be used in pregnancy tests, by making them specific to a hormone produced in pregnancy, so they bind to the hormone and make a visible colour change
RISK FACTORS increase the risk of non communicable disease including CVD, Cancer, Lung and liver disease, obesity
RISK FACTORS include lifestyle choices (diet, alcohol, drugs, excercise) environment ( pollution, noise, asbestos) and unavoidable factors (genetics, gender or sex)
DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
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PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS: stunted growth, spots on leaves, decay or rot, pests, discolouration, growths, malformed stems or leaves
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PHAGOCYTOSIS: 1. The sensitive cell membrane detects chemicals produced by pathogens. 2. Once it finds the pathogen, the phagoctye englufs it and releases digestive enzymes to digest it
- B lymphocytes produce antibodies that are complimentary to the antigens on the pathogen surface 2. Antibodies attach to the antigens and cause them to clump 3. Antibodies release chemicals to signal for the PHAGOCYTES
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