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RADIOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Decreased opacity
      - Increased opacity
      - Cyst formation
    - - Altered opacity
      - Bony proliferation
    - - Calcified bodies (“joint mice”)
      - Intraarticular gas (“Vacuum phenomenon”)
    - - Displacement or incongruence
      - Malformation
  - - - chondral or osteochondral fragment that separates from adjacent subchondral bone
  - - - asynchronous growth of radius + ulna
  - - - lesions of ligaments + tendons w partial/total rupture, but without bone mvt
    - - mvt of joints, affection of ligaments/tendons/capsule of joint, and avulsion of bone fragments at site of ligament insertion
    - - fracture that communicates w a joint space
  - - - severe progressive erosive polyarthritis in dogs + cats
- - - - excess accumulation of CSF within skull
    - - Malignant: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteochondrosarcoma (multilobular tumor of bone) / Benign: osteoma
  - - - Nasal aspergillosis
        
        destructive rhinitis by fungi Aspergillus
      - Nasal lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
        
        inflammatory chronic rhinitis of unknown etiology in dogs
      - Rhinitis secondary to bacterial infection
      - Feline rhinitis
      - Foreign body rhinitis
    - - Benign mass
      - Frontal sinus tumors
  - - - proliferative bone disease, self-limiting (stop w skeletal maturation), of unknown etiology
  - - - benign fibrovascular growths from mucosa of middle ear or Eustachian tube → can extend to ext ear canal, osseous bulla, nasopharynx
  - - - squamous cell carcinoma, epulis, fibrosarcoma, melanoma
  - - - uncomplicated (doesn't expose pulp) / complicated
    - - polydontia, hypodontia, concrescence, twinning, dilaceration, dens invaginatus
    - - Epithelial tumors: Ameloblastoma
      - Mesenchymal tumors: Peripheral odontogenic fibromas
      - Mixed tumors: Odontomas
  - - - Transitional vertebrae
        
        vertebrae w characteristics of 2 ≠ anatomic divisions
    - - axis C2 displaced dorsally from atlas C1
    - - gr of disorders of caudal cervical spine > progressive chronic spinal cord compression
      - Wobbler disease
    - - Spondylitis
        
        nonspecific inflammation of vertebrae
      - Vertebral osteomyelitis
        
        sepsis or suppuration of vertebra
      - Discospondylitis
        
        inflammation or sepsis of intervertebral disc space + adjacent ends of adjoining vertebral bodies
      - Vertebral physitis
        
        infection of vertebral body
    - - Spondylosis deformans
        
        new bone formation at attachment point of outermost annular fibers (Sharpey’s fibers) to vertebral endplate
      - Osteoarthritis of dorsal intervertebral articular process joint
        
        degenerative disease of spine producing irregularly shaped articular processes
      - Cauda equina syndrome
        
        numerous conditions involving cauda equina (degenerative, inflammatory, trauma, neoplasia)
        
        Degenerative canine lumbosacral stenosis
  - - - Spinal cord compression
      - Synovial cyst
      - Others
        
        Trauma: fractures, luxation; sprains > Hematoma
        
        Foreign bodies, aberrant parasite migration > Granuloma
    - - Spinal cord compression
      - Arachnoid diverticula
        
        focal fluid-filled dilations of subarachnoid space > progressive compressive myelopathy
    - - Neoplasia
      - Hemorrhage and/or Edema of spinal cord
      - Fibrocartilaginous embolus or Spinal infarct
      - Myelomalacia
        
        gross softening of spinal cord due to hemorrhagic necrosis
      - Intramedullary cavitary disease
        
        Hydromyelia
        
        dilation of central canal
        
        Syringomyelia
        
        fluid-filled cavities in spinal cord (w or without communication w central canal)
        
        Myelomeningocele
        
        protrusion of cord + meninges through a defect in vertebral arch
  - - - Intervertebral disc disease
        
        degenerative condition of unknown cause > protrusion of disc into vertebral canal > compression of spinal cord or spinal nerve roots
      - Protrusion
        
        any discal mass impinging on spinal cord or nerve roots
      - Herniation (Bulging disc)
        
        nucleus prolapsus > bulge by stretching an intact annulus
      - Extruded/Prolapsed disc
        
        nucleus broken through annulus into epidural space
- - - - congenital abs of leg
    - - cleft btw metacarpal bones (“split-hand” or “lobster claw deformity”)
    - - excess nb of digits
    - - partial/total fusion of digits
    - - conditions due to abnormal cartilage dvp of metaphysis + epiphysis
      - Alaskan Malamute Dwarfism
        
        short limbs w cranial/lateral deviation of forelimbs + enlarged carpi
      - Norwegian Elkhounds Dwarfism
        
        disproportionate, forelimbs more affected than hindlimbs
      - Osteochondrodysplasia of Scottish Fold Cats
        
        short, difficulty to support their weight, abnormal gait, thick inflexible tail base
      - Skeletal + Retinal Dysplasia in Labrador retrievers
      - Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia of Beagles
        
        failure of normal epiphyseal ossification, delayed growth and never reaches normal size
      - Pseudoachondroplasia in Poodles
        
        disorder of endochondral ossification ; smaller ; epiphysis irregularly ossified + delayed
    - - benign proliferative disease of bone + cartilage in young, w lesion at metaphysis of long bones, dorsal spinous processes of vertebrae, or costochondral junctions
    - - retention of endochondral cartilage in young of large/giant dog breeds
  - - - self-limiting disease of long bones in young of large dog breeds
    - - generalized symmetric palisading periosteal proliferation in long + short tubular bones of extremities
  - - - "all meat disease"
    - - failure of mineralization in young, especially in cartilaginous matrix of physis
    - - inherited metabolic bone disease caused by abnormal osteoclast fct → generalized increased bone opacity in medullary cavities
  - - - Salter-Harris classification: for fractures of physis during growth
      - diaphyseal, epiphyseal, metaphyseal, avulsion, articular
    - - transverse, oblique, spiral
    - - complete, incomplete, fissure, greenstick
    - - closed, open
    - - direct/primary + indirect/secondary bone healing methods
    - - malunion, nonunion, osteomyelitis, bone sequestrum, angular limb deformities, fracture-associated sarcomas
  - - - single aggressive bone lesion
      - Osteosarcoma