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Session 1: Giving Context to Your Ideas The Geography of Innovation:…

- - - - Causes industrial clusters to form.
        
        Fundamental for innovation to happen.
    - - Clusters provide space for this to happen spatially.
  - - - Hard to transfer over long distances
      - Embedded in local social and institutional contexts
      - Best shared through face-to-face, trust and collaboration.
      - Knowledge that is difficult to codify or articulate.
    - - In science-based sectors.
      - Relies on formal scientific knowledge and R&D.
      - More codified, but tacit knowledge remains important.
      - Produces radical innovations and spin-offs
      - Innovation is highly geographically concentrated.
    - - In engineering and machinery sectors more.
      - Innovation happens through problem solving and incremental improvements (less radical).
      - Tacit knowledge, practical skills and learning by doing are crucial.
      - Innovation happens within existing firms.
      - Dependent on local interaction and proximity.
  - - - Innovation driven by localised learning and social proximity.
      - Limited interaction with research institutions.
      - SME-based industries.
      - Innovation is bottom-up and network-based.
    - - Ideal type.
      - Firms interact closely with unis, R&D institutes and training bodies.
      - Innovation is supported by policy intervention.
      - Avoids technological lock-in and supports advanced innovation.
    - - Innovation linked to national or global actors not local.
      - Linear, science driven model focused on formal R&D.
      - Weak in local embeddedness and SME spillover.
      - Less effective for endogenous regional development.
  - - - Institutional RIS (IRIS) - coordinated market economies (e.g. Germany), suited to synthetic knowledge and incremental innovation.
        
        Coordinated Markets
        
        Support long-term collaboration, skill formation and incremental innovation.
        
        Less flexible but more stable.
      - Entrepreneurial RIS (ERIS) - liberal market economies (e.g. UK/USA), driven by venture capital, labour mobility and science-based innovation.
        
        Liberal Markets
        
        Benefit from universities, spin-offs, venture capital, and flexible labour markets.
        
        Support radical innovation, but lack long-term stability.