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Grammar for Computer Engineering (Full & Final) - Coggle Diagram
Grammar for Computer Engineering (Full & Final)
Word Formation (واژهسازی)
Word Structure
Prefix (comes before the stem)
Stem (the core/root)
Suffix (attached to the end)
Prefixes (Change Meaning)
Negative/Positive: un-, non-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-, re-, de-, anti-, mis-
Size: semi-, mini-, micro-, macro-, mega-, equi-, maxi-
Location: inter-, super-, trans-, ex-, extra-, mid-, ante-, pre-, retro-
Time & Order: pre-, ante-, fore-, post-, re-
Number: mono-, bi-, tri-, quad-, penta-, hex-, oct-, dec-, multi-
Other: pro- (for), auto- (self), co- (together), neo- (new)
Suffixes (Change Part of Speech)
Noun-forming (اسمساز): -ance, -ence, -er/-or (person/device), -ation/-tion, -ist/-yst, -ness, -ion, -ing, -ment, -ity, -ian, -ism, -dom, -ship, -ary, -hood
Verb-forming (فعلساز): -ize, -ate, -ify, -en (meaning: to make)
Adjective-forming (صفتساز): -al, -ar, -ic, -ical, -able, -ible, -ous, -ious, -ful, -less (without), -ish, -ed, -ive, -ing, -ent, -ant
Adverb-forming (قیدساز): -ly (in the manner of)
Comparisons (مقایسهها)
Forming Degrees (قواعد تشکیل)
One-Syllable: add -er / -est (e.g., new, old, big, late, soon, few)
Three or More Syllables: use more / most (e.g., interesting, convenient, beautiful)
Two-Syllables (Special): ends in -y, -ly, -ow, -le, -er (e.g., happy, early, shallow, able, clever)
Other Two-Syllables: use more / most (e.g., careful, boring, complex, awful)
Irregular Adjectives: good/better/best, bad/worse/worst, far/further, many/more/most, little/less/least
Irregular Adverbs: well/better, badly/worse, far/further, little/less, much/more
Comparison Structures
Equivalence (شباهت): as...as, the same as, similar to, like, equal to, compare to
Non-equivalence (تفاوت): not as...as, -er than, more than, fewer than, neither...nor, unlike, not all, less...than
Superlative (عالی): the -est, the most, the least
Parallel Increase (افزایش موازی): The (word+er)... the (more/less)... (e.g., The bigger, the more complex)
Grammar Structures (ساختارها)
-ing Clauses
As a Noun (Gerund): coding, processing, multiplexing
After Prepositions: by adding, without being, instead of using
Cause & Effect: (e.g., ...creating a huge mass of information)
Verb + Object + Infinitive
With 'to': allow, enable, permit + object + to-infinitive (e.g., allows us to see)
Without 'to': let + object + bare infinitive (e.g., let the user point)
Both: help + object + (to) infinitive