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Section 1 - anatomy and physiology - Coggle Diagram
Section 1 - anatomy and physiology
aerobic and anaerobic exercise
aerobic:
uses oxygen
glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water
low to moderate intensity
anaerobic:
without oxygen
glucose -> energy + lactic acid
high intensity, short duration
EPOC (excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption) - maintaining an increased rate of oxygen intake flowing anaerobic activity
oxygen debt - temporary oxygen shortage in the body due to strenuous exercise
recovery process
Cool down - removes lactic acid, reduces DOMS, allows breathing to slowly return to normal
Manipulation of diet/Rehydration - replacing water + minerals lost in sweat. Replace carbohydrates to replenish energy stores
Ice baths/massage - helps prevents DOMS
effects of exercise
short term
(24-36 hrs after exercise)
tiredness/fatigue
light headedness
nausea
DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness) / Cramps
long term
(months or years of exercising)
body shape may change
improvements in specific components of fitness
hypertrophy - increased size of heart and muscles
bradycardia - lower resting heart rate
immediate
increased heart rate
breathing rate increases
body temperature increases
the muscular system
muscles of the body: latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuffs, pectorals, biceps, triceps, abdominals, hip flexors, gluteal, hamstring, quadricep, gastrocnemius
types of movements: flexion - angle between joint reduces
extension - angle between joint increases
adduction - limbs moves towards body
abduction - limbs moves away from body
rotation - turning limb along its long axis (shoulder and hip)
circumduction - combination of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation (shoulder and hip)
plantar flexion - toes pointed down to the ground (ankle)
dorsiflexion - toes pulled up to the knee (ankle)
muscle contractions:
isometric - muscles contact and stay the same length
isotonic - muscles contract and change length
(isotonic) concentric - muscle shortens
(isotonic) eccentric - muscle lengthens and moves downwards
the respiratory system
Pathway of air - nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli
gas exchange - movement of oxygen from a high to low concentration. oxygen combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin.
features that assist gas exchange:
large surface area - moist, thin walls
short diffusion path
lots of capillaries
large blood supply
lung volumes
inspiratory reserve volume - extra amount of air possibly breathed in
tidal volume - amount of air breathed in or out in one normal breathe.
expiratory reserve volume - the extra amount of air possibly breathed out
residual volume - amount of air left in lungs after all air is possibly breathed out
to breathe in ...
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
ribcage moves up and out expanding chest cavity
air pressure in lungs decreases so air is drawn in
to breathe out ...
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
ribcage moves down and in shrinking chest cavity
air pressure in lungs increases so air is forced out
lungs can expand more during exercise (inspiration) with additional use of pectorals and sternocleidomastoid contracting.
during exercise (expiration) ribcage can be pulled down and in quicker to force more air out with additional use of abdominals contracting.
the cardiovascular system
structure of the heart:
vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
cardiac output is the volume of blood leaving the heart every minute. Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
stroke volume is blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
heart rate is how many times the heart beats per minute
redistribution of blood
- the vessels change depending on which muscles are working to prioritise where the blood floes to supply oxygen
vasodilation - vessels widen to allow blood flow
vasoconstriction - vessels narrow to restrict blood flow
arteries - carry blood away from the heart. thin lumen. Thick muscular walls to carry oxygenated blood at high pressure.
veins - carry blood towards the heart. thin walls. large lumen. carries deoxygenated blood at low pressure. contains valves
capillaries - very thin. very narrow. blood flows slowly
the skeletal system
types of bones:
flat bones - protect vital organs
irregular bone - specifically shaped to protect
long bones - enable gross movements
short bones - enable fine, controlled movements
types of joints:
hinge - found at the elbow, knee and ankle
ball and socket - found at the hip and shoulder
structures of synovial joint: synovial membrane - releases synovial fluid
synovial fluid - lubricates the joint
joint capsule - tough fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint
bursae - fluid filled bag to reduce friction
cartilage - covers ends of bones for a smooth, friction free surface
ligament - connects bone to bone
tendon - attaches muscle to bone
functions of the skeleton:
support, protection, movement, structural shape / points of attachment, mineral storage, blood cell production
bones:
head - cranium
neck - vertebrae
shoulder - scapula, humorous
chest - ribs, sternum
elbow - humorous, radius, ulna
hip - pelvis, femur
knee - femur, tibia, patella
ankle - tibia, fibula, talus