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THE EARLY MAN, prehistoric period, basics - Coggle Diagram
THE EARLY MAN
prehistoric period
mesolithic age
in this period people used bows and arrows and hunted animals easily
here people also used to wear stone ornaments
burial tradition is identified in mesolithic period
ritualistic cremation culture of dead bodies or after life rutuals are found here
domestication of animals like goats and sheeps are also identified here
tools:
here tools are known as microlith tools
because they are very micro sized and very very refined tools
we can say tool transformation from paleolithic period to Neolithic period started in this mesolithic period
ex: bows and arrows and many microlith tools in various shapes like squares, rectangles, triangles, moon, crescents and arrow-headed shapes
in mesolithic period also peolple used to live in natural caves and rock shelters
chalcolithic period
events
setteld and community lives are developed
agriculture is more developed
lentil, bajra, jowar, ragi, millets, green pea, green gram and black gram along with wheat, rice, cotton, barley
people started consuming rice and fish other than just meat
technically seperate but we can say harappan civilization started from chalcolithic age
crafts and pots
copper and stone tools both are used
crafts started , we can see coppersmiths and weavers here
pottery is mainly with black and red ware
paint pott with black pigment and they used to decorate it
tools and idols used:
knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels, pins, rods made of copper and it alloys
terracotta image of goddess is found
after cremation of a person their remains used to be stored inside special container called urn
this urn is again burried in ground sometimes with tools and objects
didnt utilized the domesticated animals fully
unaware of iron, horse and script
limitations:
burnt bricks are absent
high child mortality rate as large child burrials are found
palaeolithic age
lower palaeolithic age
events:
control of fire to roast meat
warding off animals
means protecting themselves from animals
hunting and gather food
used to live on trees and caves
Chopper chopping tools
crude and rough tools prepared out of pebbels
example tools: hand axes and cleavers
middle palaeolithic period
imp events: language is invented in this period but people remainded as hunters and food gatherers
tools
they mad and used more refined and lighter tools in this period
flakes, blades, pointers, scrapers and borers
upper palaeolithic period
other hominin species like Neanderthals and Denisovans are disappeared by this period and homo sapiens are the only species who are surviving by this period
homo sapiens are also known as modern humans
tools
more refined and lighter and are backend blades with two cutting edges
ex:
blades and scrapers with two cutting edges
burins that could be fitted in handles
bone like tools such as needles and harpoons
neolithic period
events:
people used to live in huts
they reared cattle
started agriculture
cotton, barley, rice, wheat are majorly cultivated
here people stated using earthenware like clay pots, bowls for cooking and storage
both hand made and wheel made are used
tools:
more sharper, symmetric and polished stone tools are used here for hunting as well as agriculture
ex: daggers, digging sticks, celts, grinding stones, sling- stones, sickle, saw and they all are continuosly rubbing to smoothen
basics
historical sources : gives us information about the events that occured in past
types of H.S
literary souces: written format
2.archaeological sources: physical/ material remains of past civilization
arche suces are said to be more reliable as they are impossible to change
ar sou plays major role in study of ancient india
various archaeological sources we found
material remains
what we found
grand stone temples in southern india
brick manesteries in eastern india
brick mansion houses
mounds and megaliths in south india through vertical and horizontal excavation
means large stones
basics:
radio carbon dating method is used to tell the age of any onject or material found under excavations
vertical excavation: here we excavat deep so that we find culture layer by layer
like from 100 to 500 deep indicates chalcolithic culture
600- 1000 indicates neolithic periods culture
horizontal excavation: it gives complete idea of one particular culture
10 - 500 deep a large area is excavated to know about complete culture
using this material remains we can conclude people used pottery, house construction design is present, agriculture is there, animals domestication is there, they used variuos types of tools and weapons
history
herodotus