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The age of revolutions and constitutions(1848) - Coggle Diagram
The age of revolutions and constitutions(1848)
Causes of revolutions 1848
Bourguesie pressure for extension of suffrage
Working class, demanding flesh harsh conditions(Paris)
Orleans regime brought down by double pressure
Immediate impact: new constitutions
Granted, under popular pressure (Naples, Paris Turin, Berlin)
Attempt to answer demands for rights
The French constitution (November 1848)
Instituted a single national assembly
Elected by universal male suffrage
Executive power conferred to president (elected by universal suffrage)
Key principles and rights (preamble)
France situated republic (democratic one invisible)
Maximum liberty, equality, fraternity , public order
Respect foreign nationalities
citizens owe reciprocal duties to republic
Republic mass protect citizens(person, family, religion, property, labor)
Electoral body increases from 200,000 to 10 million
Social and labor laws
Limited workday to 12 hours (manufacture)
Declared work ' a right'
allowed right of association
a firm equality between owner and worker
Made mutual aid societies legitimate.
POSITIVE LAW
Positive law is the set of laws formally enacted or recognized by a governing authority and enforced by the state.
Ideological and radical responses 1848
Critical notions by radical thinkers(Proudhon: 'property is theft')
Manifesto of the communist party (marx scientific socialism)
Affirmed class war and proletarian dictatorship.
State exclusive power over means of production (classes society)
Developments in German territories
Pussia granted constitution(March 1848) similar to Parisian one
Assembly elected by general suffrage (Frankfurt, May 1848)
Declaration of rights included 1789 principles
Frankfurt Constitution (proposed)
Adopted bicameralism
Presidency prescribed constitutional hereditary regime
Government life depended on parliamentary approval (unwritten)
Prevailed for small Germany (excluding Habsburg territories)
Frankfurt project abandoned 1849 after Pussian king rejected crown
Third estate
Siyes
1789 core demand of the French Revolution
THIRD ESTATE
Private and public activities
Complete nation
Everything
Until now: nothing
What is wanted: something